Keller T, Holland M C
Pacific Neurosciences Institute, Orinda, California, USA.
Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 1997 Jun 15;22(12):1413-7. doi: 10.1097/00007632-199706150-00022.
In the 19th century, American physicians were drawn to the renowned medical centers of Europe, beacons of excellence in all areas of clinical science, to complement and supplement medical education and training. Such Old World master surgeons as Victor Horsley and William Macewen constantly reported novel and innovative operative procedures, including a significant number of operations on the spine and spinal cord. In this same era, a number of American surgeons made important contributions to the emerging specialty of spine surgery. The lives and work of Alban Smith, Berthold Hadra, DeForest Willard, and Robert Abbe are submitted in this report as examples.
19世纪，美国医生被欧洲著名的医学中心所吸引，这些中心是临床科学各个领域的卓越灯塔，用于补充和完善医学教育与培训。像维克多·霍斯利和威廉·梅克温这样的欧洲外科大师不断报告新颖创新的手术方法，包括大量针对脊柱和脊髓的手术。在同一时期，一些美国外科医生也为新兴的脊柱外科专业做出了重要贡献。本报告列举了阿尔班·史密斯、贝托尔德·哈德拉、德福雷斯特·威拉德和罗伯特·阿贝的生平与工作作为例证。
