Kossenko M M, Degteva M O, Vyushkova O V, Preston D L, Mabuchi K, Kozheurov V P
Department of Epidemiology, Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine, Medgorodok, Russian Federation.
Radiat Res. 1997 Jul;148(1):54-63.
Plutonium production in the former Soviet Union began in 1949 at the Mayak Production Association located between the cities of Chelyabinsk and Ekaterinbourg in the southern Ural mountains about 1200 km east to Moscow. During the first few years of Mayak's operation, almost 30,000 people living on the banks of the Techa River received significant internal and external exposures as a consequence of the release of large quantities of radioactive materials from Mayak. Studies of levels of radioactive contamination and health effects in this population began in the early 1950s. A systematic follow-up of a fixed cohort that includes all people who were living in Techa River villages in 1949 was begun about 30 years ago. In this paper we describe the Techa River cohort, outline the nature of the exposures and discuss the status of follow-up for the period from 1950 through 1989. While noting the limitations of the current epidemiological follow-up data, we also compare the demographic and mortality structure of the Techa River cohort with the Life Span Study cohort of Japanese atomic bomb survivors. It is seen that, despite a number of limitations, the current data suggest that the risks of mortality from leukemia and other cancers increase with increasing radiation dose in the Techa River cohort. This finding suggests that, with continued improvements in the quality of the follow-up and dosimetry, the Techa River cohort has the potential to provide quantitative estimates of the risks of chronic low-dose-rate radiation exposures for an unselected general population that will be an important complement to the estimates based on the Life Span Study that are used as the primary basis for numerical assessments of radiation risk.
前苏联的钚生产始于1949年，地点是位于南乌拉尔山脉车里雅宾斯克市和叶卡捷琳堡市之间的玛雅克生产协会，该地距莫斯科以东约1200公里。在玛雅克运营的最初几年里，由于玛雅克释放大量放射性物质，生活在捷恰河畔的近3万人受到了严重的内照射和外照射。对该人群放射性污染水平和健康影响的研究始于20世纪50年代初。大约30年前开始了对一个固定队列的系统随访，该队列包括1949年生活在捷恰河村庄的所有人。在本文中，我们描述了捷恰河队列，概述了照射的性质，并讨论了1950年至1989年期间的随访状况。在指出当前流行病学随访数据局限性的同时，我们还将捷恰河队列的人口统计学和死亡率结构与日本原子弹幸存者的寿命研究队列进行了比较。可以看出，尽管存在一些局限性，但目前的数据表明，捷恰河队列中白血病和其他癌症的死亡风险随着辐射剂量的增加而增加。这一发现表明，随着随访质量和剂量测定的不断改进，捷恰河队列有可能为未经过选择的普通人群提供慢性低剂量率辐射暴露风险的定量估计，这将是对基于寿命研究的估计的重要补充，而寿命研究的估计是辐射风险数值评估的主要依据。
