Opiate and cocaine addictions: challenge for pharmacotherapies.

Neurobiological and behavioral studies, as well as basic and applied clinical research studies, may all contribute to the development of a pharmacotherapy for a specific addictive disease. This paper reviews recent findings from research work, primarily from one laboratory along with collaborative laboratories, that could have some relevance for the development of pharmacotherapy for cocaine dependency. The much earlier experiences of this laboratory in the development of a pharmacotherapy for opiate addiction will be addressed in the context of providing both some specific suggestions for addictive disease pharmacotherapy development and some warnings about the complexities of the introduction and implementation of a pharmacotherapy once developed. Finally, based on both the earlier perspectives and the more recent research findings, some very specific, though speculative, suggestions will be made about the development of novel pharmacotherapies for early opiate addiction, especially for cocaine abuse or addiction and prevention of relapse to cocaine use. The complex and diverse nature of the challenge for pharmacotherapy for the addictive diseases is presented, including specifically a mandate for broadening educational efforts concerning the basis of addictive diseases and the need for treatment, in parallel with the scientific efforts to develop increasingly sophisticated and targeted pharmacotherapies.