Shealy D B, Barr J R, Ashley D L, Patterson D G, Camann D E, Bond A E
Division of Environmental Health Laboratory Sciences, National Center of Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30341-3724 USA.
Environ Health Perspect. 1997 May;105(5):510-3. doi: 10.1289/ehp.97105510.
In exposure or risk assessments, both environmental and biological measurements are often used. Environmental measurements are an excellent means for evaluating regulatory compliance, but the models used to estimate body burden from these measurements are complex. Unless all possible routes of exposure (i.e., inhalation, dermal absorption, ingestion) are evaluated, exposure to a toxicant can be underestimated. To circumvent this problem, measurements of the internal dose of a toxicant in blood, serum, urine, or tissues can be used singularly or in combination with environmental data for exposure assessment. In three separate laboratories, carbaryl or its primary metabolite, 1-naphthol, was measured in personal air, dermal samples, blood serum, and urine from farmer applicators and their families. The usefulness of both environmental and biological data has been demonstrated. For the farmer applicator, the environmental levels of carbaryl would have been sufficient to determine that an exposure had occurred. However, biological measurements were necessary to determine the absorbed dose of each member of the applicator's family. In addition, a correlation between serum and urinary 1-naphthol measurements has been shown; therefore, either matrix can be used to accurately evaluate occupational carbaryl exposure.
在暴露或风险评估中，通常会使用环境测量和生物测量。环境测量是评估法规合规性的绝佳手段，但用于根据这些测量估算体内负荷的模型很复杂。除非评估所有可能的暴露途径（即吸入、皮肤吸收、摄入），否则对有毒物质的暴露可能会被低估。为了规避这个问题，可单独使用或结合环境数据，通过测量血液、血清、尿液或组织中有毒物质的内部剂量来进行暴露评估。在三个独立的实验室中，对农民施药者及其家人的个人空气、皮肤样本、血清和尿液中的西维因或其主要代谢物1-萘酚进行了测量。环境数据和生物数据的实用性均已得到证明。对于农民施药者来说，西维因的环境水平足以确定已经发生了暴露。然而，需要进行生物测量才能确定施药者家庭成员的吸收剂量。此外，血清和尿液中1-萘酚的测量结果之间已显示出相关性；因此，任何一种基质都可用于准确评估职业性西维因暴露。
