Physiological assessment of complex cardiac phenotypes in genetically engineered mice.

The recent development of techniques for surgical manipulation and for the assessment of cardiac physiology in genetically engineered mice has allowed scientists to address some of the most fundamental questions related to congenital and acquired forms of human heart disease. This review discusses recent advances in the techniques for studying cardiac disease using the mouse as a model system. Because cardiac overload is one of the most important stimuli for development of hypertrophy and heart failure in humans, various models of cardiac pressure and volume overload, as well as myocardial ischemia, have been developed and characterized. Moreover, it is possible to reliably examine murine cardiac physiology in vivo with microtransducers, echocardiography, and other miniaturized techniques. Sophisticated methods have also been developed to enable an examination of single-cell phenotypes of isolated cardiomyocytes derived from genetically engineered mice. These physiological assessments, coupled with conventional histology and molecular markers, have allowed the characterization of several gene-targeted and transgenic mouse models of hypertrophy and dilated cardiomyopathy, as well as mouse models of cardiac developmental defects. Such mouse models of heart disease will ultimately allow the molecular dissection of the interplay between the various factors leading to heart disease, and they may serve as a guide to appropriate therapeutic strategies for human heart disease.