Glize D, Laurent M
UMR Mouvement & Perception, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de la Mediterrance, Marseille, France.
J Sports Sci. 1997 Apr;15(2):181-9. doi: 10.1080/026404197367452.
The production of a stabilized locomotor pattern is crucial in sporting activities such as the run-up in long jumping, a task which is characterized by high spatio-temporal constraints. The aims of this study were as follows. First, we wished to investigate how athletes stabilize their stride patterns so as to strike the take-off board accurately. Previous studies have argued that during the initial accelerative phase of the run-up, athletes attempt to produce a stereotyped stride pattern. We investigated this initial phase in more detail by examining the kinematic parameters of long jumpers' strides and their spatial consequences. These data were then compared with the stride patterns observed in a sprinting task, which did not impose the same spatio-temporal constraints. Our second aim was to compare the stride patterns of skilled and unskilled jumpers. Kinematic stride parameters were measured in two ways. The temporal parameters (flight time, stance time) were recorded by a microcomputer attached to the athlete, whereas the spatial parameters (stride length) were measured directly from the footprints the subjects made on the track. The results confirmed those of previous studies, showing that long jumpers initiate locomotor adjustments in the last 3-4 strides before take-off, but a more detailed analysis revealed that long jumping is characterized by adjustments during the first few strides. These adjustments were not seen in the sprinting task, where systematic variations of accumulated error were observed. These stride adjustments differed from those seen in previous studies and thus permit a more comprehensive understanding of the control involved in the tasks studied. The patterns exhibited by the skilled and unskilled subjects were very similar overall, but differed in that variations in accumulated error were less marked for the skilled subjects, who tended to make early stride adjustments sooner than the unskilled subjects. These results are discussed in relation to the cognitive and ecological approaches to movement coordination.
产生稳定的运动模式在诸如跳远助跑等体育活动中至关重要，跳远助跑这项任务具有高度的时空限制。本研究的目的如下。首先，我们希望研究运动员如何稳定其步幅模式以便准确踏到起跳板上。先前的研究认为，在助跑的初始加速阶段，运动员试图产生一种刻板的步幅模式。我们通过检查跳远运动员步幅的运动学参数及其空间结果，对这一初始阶段进行了更详细的研究。然后将这些数据与在短跑任务中观察到的步幅模式进行比较，短跑任务不存在相同的时空限制。我们的第二个目的是比较熟练和不熟练跳远运动员的步幅模式。运动步幅参数通过两种方式进行测量。时间参数（飞行时间、支撑时间）由附着在运动员身上的微型计算机记录，而空间参数（步幅长度）则直接从受试者在跑道上留下的脚印测量得出。结果证实了先前研究的结果，表明跳远运动员在起跳前的最后3 - 4步开始进行运动调整，但更详细的分析表明，跳远的特点是在最初几步就进行调整。在短跑任务中未观察到这些调整，在短跑任务中观察到的是累积误差的系统性变化。这些步幅调整与先前研究中观察到的不同，因此有助于更全面地理解所研究任务中的控制。熟练和不熟练受试者表现出的模式总体上非常相似，但不同之处在于，熟练受试者累积误差的变化不太明显，他们往往比不熟练受试者更早进行步幅调整。将结合运动协调的认知和生态方法对这些结果进行讨论。
