Nebeling L C, Forman M R, Graubard B I, Snyder R A
National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md. 20892-7326, USA.
J Am Diet Assoc. 1997 Sep;97(9):991-6. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(97)00239-3.
To assess the changes in carotenoid intake between 1987 and 1992 among US adults by sociodemographic characteristics and high-risk groups for chronic disease; and to identify the dietary sources of specific carotenoid intake.
A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was collected from a representative sample of respondents to the 1987 and 1992 National Health Interview Surveys throughout two calendar quarters. Black and white adults, 18 to 69 years old, participated in 1987 (n = 8,161) and 1992 (n = 8,341).
FFQ data were matched and linked to the US Department of Agriculture-National Cancer Institute carotenoid food composition database for analysis.
Mean differences in carotenoid intake over time were compared by sociodemographic characteristics and region of the country, after adjustment for sampling weights in a multiple linear regression model.
Mean intake of the carotenoid lutein declined among white women (18%), among adults aged 40 to 69 years (16%), among persons with 9 to 12 years of education (11%), among nondrinkers (18%), among drinkers of 1 to 6 alcoholic drinks/ week (7%), among smokers (former smokers by 11%, current smokers by 7%, and never smokers by 9%), among income groups (< $20,000 by 7%, > or = $20,000 by 9%), and residents in the south and northeast (by 13% each, respectively). Mean intake of the carotenoid lycopene increased among white men (9%), among adults aged 18 to 39 years and aged 40 to 69 years (by 5% and 6%, respectively), among those with 13 years of education or more (12.5%), among alcohol drinkers (by 10% and 7% for 1 to 6 vs 7 or more drinks/week, respectively), among former and current smokers (by 6% each), among those with incomes > or = $20,000 (8%), and among residents in the west (16%) and midwest (5%). All differences described were statistically significant (P < .01).
The decline in lutein intake (from dark green leafy vegetables), particularly in white women, may have public health implications as a result of the recognized inverse association between carotenoid intake and disease risk.
根据社会人口学特征和慢性病高危人群，评估1987年至1992年间美国成年人中类胡萝卜素摄入量的变化；并确定特定类胡萝卜素摄入量的饮食来源。
在两个日历季度内，从1987年和1992年全国健康访谈调查的代表性受访者样本中收集了一份食物频率问卷（FFQ）。18至69岁的黑人和白人成年人参与了1987年（n = 8161）和1992年（n = 8341）的调查。
将FFQ数据进行匹配，并与美国农业部-国家癌症研究所类胡萝卜素食物成分数据库相链接以进行分析。
在多元线性回归模型中对抽样权重进行调整后，按社会人口学特征和国家地区比较类胡萝卜素摄入量随时间的平均差异。
类胡萝卜素叶黄素的平均摄入量在白人女性中下降了18%，在40至69岁的成年人中下降了16%，在接受9至12年教育的人群中下降了11%，在不饮酒者中下降了18%，在每周饮用1至6杯酒精饮料的饮酒者中下降了7%，在吸烟者中（曾经吸烟者下降11%，当前吸烟者下降7%，从不吸烟者下降9%），在不同收入群体中（收入低于20000美元的下降7%，收入高于或等于20000美元的下降9%），以及在南部和东北部的居民中（分别下降13%）。类胡萝卜素番茄红素的平均摄入量在白人男性中增加了9%，在18至39岁和40至69岁的成年人中分别增加了5%和6%，在接受13年及以上教育的人群中增加了12.5%，在饮酒者中（每周饮用1至6杯与7杯及以上相比，分别增加10%和7%），在曾经吸烟者和当前吸烟者中（均增加6%），在收入高于或等于20000美元的人群中增加了8%，在西部居民中增加了16%，在中西部居民中增加了5%。所描述的所有差异均具有统计学意义（P < 0.01）。
叶黄素摄入量（来自深绿叶蔬菜）的下降，尤其是在白人女性中，由于类胡萝卜素摄入量与疾病风险之间公认的负相关关系，可能对公共卫生产生影响。
