Eisenhauer Bronwyn, Natoli Sharon, Liew Gerald, Flood Victoria M
Food and Nutrition Australia, Sydney NSW 2000, Australia.
Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology, Westmead Millennium Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2145, Australia.
Nutrients. 2017 Feb 9;9(2):120. doi: 10.3390/nu9020120.
Lutein and zeaxanthin (L/Z) are the predominant carotenoids which accumulate in the retina of the eye. The impact of L/Z intake on the risk and progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a leading cause of blindness in the developed world, has been investigated in cohort studies and clinical trials. The aims of this review were to critically examine the literature and evaluate the current evidence relating to L/Z intake and AMD, and describe important food sources and factors that increase the bioavailability of L/Z, to inform dietary models. Cohort studies generally assessed L/Z from dietary sources, while clinical trials focused on providing L/Z as a supplement. Important considerations to take into account in relation to dietary L/Z include: nutrient-rich sources of L/Z, cooking methods, diet variety and the use of healthy fats. Dietary models include examples of how suggested effective levels of L/Z can be achieved through diet alone, with values of 5 mg and 10 mg per day described. These diet models depict a variety of food sources, not only from dark green leafy vegetables, but also include pistachio nuts and other highly bioavailable sources of L/Z such as eggs. This review and the diet models outlined provide information about the importance of diet variety among people at high risk of AMD or with early signs and symptoms of AMD.
叶黄素和玉米黄质(L/Z)是在眼睛视网膜中积累的主要类胡萝卜素。在队列研究和临床试验中,已对L/Z摄入量对年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)的风险和进展的影响进行了调查,AMD是发达国家失明的主要原因。本综述的目的是严格审查文献,评估与L/Z摄入量和AMD相关的现有证据,并描述重要的食物来源以及提高L/Z生物利用度的因素,以为饮食模式提供参考。队列研究一般评估饮食来源的L/Z,而临床试验则侧重于提供L/Z补充剂。与饮食中L/Z相关的重要考虑因素包括:L/Z的营养丰富来源、烹饪方法、饮食多样性以及健康脂肪的使用。饮食模式包括仅通过饮食实现建议的有效L/Z水平的示例,描述了每天5毫克和10毫克的值。这些饮食模式描绘了多种食物来源,不仅来自深绿色叶菜类蔬菜,还包括开心果和其他L/Z生物利用度高的来源,如鸡蛋。本综述和概述的饮食模式提供了关于饮食多样性在AMD高风险人群或有AMD早期体征和症状人群中的重要性的信息。