Effects of pH and sulfate on insects and protozoans inhabiting treeholes.

We used laboratory microcosms designed to simulate treeholes to study the effect of changing levels of chemicals found in precipitation in central Pennsylvania (H+ and SO4=) on the treehole insects Aedes triseriatus (a mosquito), Helodes pulchella (a helodid beetle), and Culicoides guttipennis (a ceratopogonid midge), and treehole protozoans. Protozoans were tested in both the presence and absence of insects. We hypothesized that the individual insect species would have differential tolerances to abiotic stresses, and that effects of low pH on protozoans would be especially strong. Survival of helodids was higher than mosquitoes and midges. Emergence and survival of mosquitoes and midges were lower at low pH. Densities of ciliates increased the most at high pH in the absence of insects. Densities of flagellates increased the most at low pH in the absence of insects. The presence of helodids, mosquitoes, and protozoans was associated with higher final [SO4=], as was low pH. Mosquitoes at low pH caused the largest increases in cation concentrations, and protozoans at high pH caused the largest decreases in cation concentrations. It appears that the biota of treeholes are affected by ionic changes in simulated tree stemflow that can be caused by anthropogenic atmospheric deposition. The species studied here were sometimes differentially affected by the common pollutants, [H+] and [SO4=]. The resulting changes in these discrete treehole communities may allow them to be useful bioindicators of the status of forest ecosystems altered by changing atmospheric chemistry.