Schmidt-Hellerau C
Int J Psychoanal. 1997 Aug;78 ( Pt 4):683-97.
On the basis of a chronological review of some of Freud's principal metapsychological writings, the author inquires into the logical consistency of the theoretical foundations of psychoanalysis. Particular attention is devoted to the functions ascribed by Freud to the two basic axioms of his model of the psyche, namely the two antagonistic drives (originally called the sexual and self-preservative drives and ultimately the life and death drives) on the one hand, and a principle (inertia, constancy, pleasure or Nirvana) on the other. The author adopts a formalised view of these concepts, considering the drives as vectors and concentrating on their directionality. The psychical apparatus as modelled by Freud is then seen to be constructed along homoeostatic lines, the dynamic stability of the psyche as a system being assured by the combination of, firstly, a (+)-drive and a (-)-drive as variables and, secondly, a structure, in accordance with the relevant regulating principle. She shows that Freud remained faithful to this basic idea throughout his career notwithstanding all the changes in his theory. Preserving this consistency and with a view to the exploration of a fresh dimension of the mind, the author suggests the introduction of a new concept, lethe, for the energy of the death drive.
基于对弗洛伊德一些主要元心理学著作的编年式回顾，作者探究了精神分析理论基础的逻辑一致性。特别关注弗洛伊德赋予其心理模型两个基本公理的功能，一方面是两种对立的驱力（最初称为性驱力和自我保存驱力，最终称为生本能和死本能），另一方面是一个原则（惯性、恒常性、快乐或涅槃原则）。作者对这些概念采取形式化的观点，将驱力视为向量并专注于其方向性。如此一来，弗洛伊德所构建的心理装置便被视为沿稳态线路构建，心理作为一个系统的动态稳定性通过以下两者的结合得以确保：其一，作为变量的（+）驱力和（-）驱力，其二，一个符合相关调节原则的结构。她表明，尽管弗洛伊德的理论有诸多变化，但他在整个职业生涯中始终忠实于这一基本观点。为保持这种一致性并着眼于探索心灵的一个新维度，作者建议引入一个新的概念——“忘却”（Lethe）来指代死本能的能量。
