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1
Development of a two-stage procedure for the automatic recognition of dysfluencies in the speech of children who stutter: I. Psychometric procedures appropriate for selection of training material for lexical dysfluency classifiers.口吃儿童言语中不流畅性自动识别的两阶段程序的开发：I. 适用于词汇不流畅性分类器训练材料选择的心理测量程序。
J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1997 Oct;40(5):1073-84. doi: 10.1044/jslhr.4005.1073.
2
Development of a two-stage procedure for the automatic recognition of dysfluencies in the speech of children who stutter: II. ANN recognition of repetitions and prolongations with supplied word segment markers.一种用于自动识别口吃儿童言语中言语不流畅的两阶段程序的开发：II. 利用提供的单词片段标记对重复和延长进行人工神经网络识别
J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1997 Oct;40(5):1085-96. doi: 10.1044/jslhr.4005.1085.
3
Exchange of stuttering from function words to content words with age.口吃现象随年龄增长从功能词向实词转变。
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4
Methods of interval selection, presence of noise and their effects on detectability of repetitions and prolongations.间隔选择方法、噪声的存在及其对重复和延长检测能力的影响。
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Phonological neighborhood and word frequency effects in the stuttered disfluencies of children who stutter.口吃儿童口吃性言语不流畅中的语音邻域和词频效应。
J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2007 Feb;50(1):229-47. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2007/018).
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Duration of sound prolongation and sound/syllable repetition in children who stutter: preliminary observations.口吃儿童中声音延长及声音/音节重复的持续时间：初步观察
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Phonological complexity in school-aged children who stutter and exhibit a language disorder.口吃且患有语言障碍的学龄儿童的语音复杂性。
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Dysfluency and involuntary movements: a new look at developmental stuttering.言语不流畅与不自主运动：对发育性口吃的新审视。
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引用本文的文献

1
Comparison of performance of automatic recognizers for stutters in speech trained with event or interval markers.使用事件或间隔标记训练的语音口吃自动识别器的性能比较。
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2
Artificial Neural Networks Combined with the Principal Component Analysis for Non-Fluent Speech Recognition.人工神经网络与主成分分析在非流畅语音识别中的结合。
Sensors (Basel). 2022 Jan 1;22(1):321. doi: 10.3390/s22010321.
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Classification of speech dysfluencies using LPC based parameterization techniques.基于 LPC 参数化技术的语音不流畅分类。
J Med Syst. 2012 Jun;36(3):1821-30. doi: 10.1007/s10916-010-9641-6. Epub 2011 Jan 20.
4
The University College London Archive of Stuttered Speech (UCLASS).伦敦大学学院口吃语音档案库（UCLASS）。
J Speech Lang Hear Res. 2009 Apr;52(2):556-69. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(07-0129).
5
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6
The effect of using time intervals of different length on judgements about stuttering.使用不同时长的时间间隔对口吃判断的影响。
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7
Speech Rate Modification and Its Effects on Fluency Reversal in Fluent Speakers and People Who Stutter.语速调整及其对流利说话者和口吃者流畅性逆转的影响。
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8
Assessment of Some Contemporary Theories of Stuttering That Apply to Spontaneous Speech.对一些适用于自然言语的当代口吃理论的评估。
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9
Function word repetitions emerge when speakers are operantly conditioned to reduce frequency of silent pauses.当说话者通过操作性条件反射来减少沉默停顿的频率时，功能词重复就会出现。
J Psycholinguist Res. 2001 Sep;30(5):457-74. doi: 10.1023/a:1010432012241.
10
Utterance rate and linguistic properties as determinants of lexical dysfluencies in children who stutter.语速和语言特性作为口吃儿童词汇不流畅性的决定因素。
J Acoust Soc Am. 1999 Jan;105(1):481-90. doi: 10.1121/1.424585.

本文引用的文献

1
Detection Of Supralexical Dysfluencies In A Text Read By Children Who Stutter.口吃儿童朗读文本中词汇以上不流畅性的检测
J Fluency Disord. 1997 Nov 1;22(4):299-307. doi: 10.1016/s0094-730x(97)00012-0.
2
Development of a two-stage procedure for the automatic recognition of dysfluencies in the speech of children who stutter: II. ANN recognition of repetitions and prolongations with supplied word segment markers.一种用于自动识别口吃儿童言语中言语不流畅的两阶段程序的开发：II. 利用提供的单词片段标记对重复和延长进行人工神经网络识别
J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1997 Oct;40(5):1085-96. doi: 10.1044/jslhr.4005.1085.
3
Disfluency clusters of children who stutter: relation of stutterings to self-repairs.口吃儿童的不流畅性集群：口吃与自我修正的关系。
J Speech Hear Res. 1995 Oct;38(5):965-77. doi: 10.1044/jshr.3805.965.
4
The covert repair hypothesis: prearticulatory repair processes in normal and stuttered disfluencies.隐性修复假说：正常和口吃性言语不流畅中的发音前修复过程。
J Speech Hear Res. 1993 Jun;36(3):472-87.
5
Temporal dynamics of repetitions during the early stage of childhood stuttering: an acoustic study.儿童口吃早期重复的时间动态：一项声学研究
J Speech Hear Res. 1994 Oct;37(5):1067-75. doi: 10.1044/jshr.3705.1067.
6
Disfluencies at the onset of stuttering.口吃开始时的言语不流畅。
J Speech Hear Res. 1984 Mar;27(1):154-9. doi: 10.1044/jshr.2701.154.
7
Category judgment: a range-frequency model.类别判断：一种范围-频率模型。
Psychol Rev. 1965 Nov;72(6):407-18. doi: 10.1037/h0022602.
8
Perceptual and acoustic evidence for reduced fluency in the vicinity of stuttering episodes.口吃发作附近流畅性降低的感知和声学证据。
Lang Speech. 1990 Jan-Mar;33 ( Pt 1):31-46. doi: 10.1177/002383099003300103.
9
What is stuttering?什么是口吃？
J Speech Hear Disord. 1990 Aug;55(3):370-82; discussion 394-7. doi: 10.1044/jshd.5503.370.
10
The use of prosody in highlighting alterations in repairs from unrestricted speech.韵律在突出无限制言语中修复变化方面的应用。
Q J Exp Psychol A. 1991 Aug;43(3):733-58. doi: 10.1080/14640749108400994.

口吃儿童言语中不流畅性自动识别的两阶段程序的开发：I. 适用于词汇不流畅性分类器训练材料选择的心理测量程序。

Development of a two-stage procedure for the automatic recognition of dysfluencies in the speech of children who stutter: I. Psychometric procedures appropriate for selection of training material for lexical dysfluency classifiers.

作者信息

Howell P, Sackin S, Glenn K

机构信息

Department of Psychology, University College London, England.

出版信息

J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1997 Oct;40(5):1073-84. doi: 10.1044/jslhr.4005.1073.

DOI:10.1044/jslhr.4005.1073
PMID:9328878
原文链接:https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2000472/
Abstract

This program of work is intended to develop automatic recognition procedures to locate and assess stuttered dysfluencies. This and the following article together, develop and test recognizers for repetitions and prolongations. The automatic recognizers classify the speech in two stages: In the first, the speech is segmented, and, in the second, the segments are categorized. The units that are segmented are words. Here assessments by human judges on the speech of 12 children who stutter are described using a corresponding procedure. The accuracy of word boundary placement across judges, categorization of the words as fluent, repetition or prolongation, and duration of the different fluency categories are reported. These measures allow reliable instances of repetitions and prolongations to be selected for training and assessing the recognizers in the subsequent paper.

摘要

本工作计划旨在开发自动识别程序，以定位和评估口吃性言语不流畅。本文与后续文章一起，开发并测试重复和延长的识别器。自动识别器分两个阶段对语音进行分类：第一阶段，对语音进行分段；第二阶段，对各片段进行分类。分段的单位是单词。本文描述了人类评判员使用相应程序对12名口吃儿童的语音进行的评估。报告了不同评判员在单词边界划分上的准确性、单词被分类为流畅、重复或延长的情况，以及不同流畅性类别的时长。这些测量结果使得能够选择可靠的重复和延长实例，用于后续论文中训练和评估识别器。