Blair D C
Infectious Disease Division, State University of New York--Health Science Center, Syracuse 13210, USA.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 1997 Oct;10(4):650-73. doi: 10.1128/CMR.10.4.650.
International travel has increased enormously in recent years. With the greater movement of people have come increased encounters with a wide variety of diseases: malaria, dengue, cholera, typhoid fever, Ebola virus, and many more. The need for greater scope, consistency, and knowledgeability in pretravel health care to meet these challenges has been met by the emergence of the discipline of travel medicine. Travelers are well advised to become informed of the risks they face and to take steps to minimize those risks. After reviewing a traveler's medical history and a detailed itinerary, a travel medicine practitioner can offer expert advice on behavioral modifications, immunizations, and chemoprophylaxis regimens which will increase the traveler's margin of safety. The issues most frequently addressed in a travel clinic include treatment of traveler's diarrhea, malaria chemoprophylaxis, and immunizations, for hepatitis A, typhoid fever, tetanus/diphtheria, influenza, pneumococcus, hepatitis B, polio, meningococcus, measles, mumps, rubella, varicella, and rabies. Pretravel consultation must consider the age and underlying health problems of the traveler, the nature of the trip (wilderness, jungle, rural, urban, resort, or cruise), the duration of travel, and the latest available information on the site in terms of disease outbreaks, terrorism, and natural calamities.
近年来，国际旅行大幅增加。随着人员流动的增多，人们接触到的各类疾病也日益增多，如疟疾、登革热、霍乱、伤寒、埃博拉病毒等等。旅行医学这一学科的出现满足了人们在旅行前医疗保健方面对于更大范围、一致性和专业性的需求，以应对这些挑战。建议旅行者了解他们所面临的风险，并采取措施将这些风险降至最低。在查阅旅行者的病史和详细行程后，旅行医学从业者可以就行为调整、免疫接种和化学预防方案提供专业建议，这将增加旅行者的安全系数。旅行诊所最常涉及的问题包括治疗旅行者腹泻、疟疾化学预防以及针对甲型肝炎、伤寒、破伤风/白喉、流感、肺炎球菌、乙型肝炎、脊髓灰质炎、脑膜炎球菌、麻疹、腮腺炎、风疹、水痘和狂犬病的免疫接种。旅行前咨询必须考虑旅行者的年龄和潜在健康问题、旅行的性质（荒野、丛林、农村、城市、度假胜地或游轮）、旅行时长以及有关目的地在疾病爆发、恐怖主义和自然灾害方面的最新可用信息。
