Reporter gene expression for monitoring gene transfer.

The use of reporters such as green fluorescent protein (GFP) and firefly luciferase permit highly sensitive and nondestructive monitoring of gene transfer and expression. Modifications in GFP which increase intensity and thermostability, as well as alter its spectral qualities, have facilitated the use of GFP in a variety of gene transfer methods. Improvements in imaging technologies and their increased application in biological research have allowed the expanded use of luciferase-based reporters in gene transformation, particularly in genetic screens and in monitoring temporal changes in gene expression.