Hurlburt R T
Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas 89154-5030, USA.
J Consult Clin Psychol. 1997 Dec;65(6):941-9. doi: 10.1037//0022-006x.65.6.941.
Thought sampling, the experience sampling method (ESM), and descriptive experience sampling are 3 methods of randomly sampling thinking in participants' natural environments. All use beepers that signal participants to report aspects of their experience and behavior at random intervals. Thought sampling and ESM are quantitative methods, and standard validation studies have demonstrated them to be reliable and valid. They provide insights into human experience and behavior that are difficult or impossible to attain by nonsampling methods. Descriptive experience sampling is a nonquantitative method that provides provocative descriptions of phenomena such as "unsymbolized thinking"--thoughts that occur in awareness without words, images, or any other kind of symbols--and perception that has no figure--ground phenomena.
思维抽样、经验抽样法（ESM）和描述性经验抽样是在参与者自然环境中随机抽样思维的三种方法。所有这些方法都使用传呼机，以随机间隔向参与者发出信号，让他们报告自己的经验和行为方面。思维抽样和经验抽样法是定量方法，标准的验证研究已证明它们可靠且有效。它们能提供通过非抽样方法难以或无法获得的对人类经验和行为的洞察。描述性经验抽样是一种非定量方法，它能对诸如“无符号思维”（即意识中出现的没有言语、图像或任何其他符号的思维）以及没有图形-背景现象的感知等现象给出引人深思的描述。
