Csikszentmihalyi M, Larson R
Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637.
J Nerv Ment Dis. 1987 Sep;175(9):526-36. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198709000-00004.
To understand the dynamics of mental health, it is essential to develop measures for the frequency and the patterning of mental processes in every-day-life situations. The Experience-Sampling Method (ESM) is an attempt to provide a valid instrument to describe variations in self-reports of mental processes. It can be used to obtain empirical data on the following types of variables: a) frequency and patterning of daily activity, social interaction, and changes in location; b) frequency, intensity, and patterning of psychological states, i.e., emotional, cognitive, and conative dimensions of experience; c) frequency and patterning of thoughts, including quality and intensity of thought disturbance. The article reviews practical and methodological issues of the ESM and presents evidence for its short- and long-term reliability when used as an instrument for assessing the variables outlined above. It also presents evidence for validity by showing correlation between ESM measures on the one hand and physiological measures, one-time psychological tests, and behavioral indices on the other. A number of studies with normal and clinical populations that have used the ESM are reviewed to demonstrate the range of issues to which the technique can be usefully applied.
为了理解心理健康的动态变化，开发用于测量日常生活情境中心理过程的频率和模式的方法至关重要。经验抽样法（ESM）试图提供一种有效的工具来描述心理过程自我报告中的变化。它可用于获取关于以下几类变量的实证数据：a）日常活动、社交互动和地点变化的频率及模式；b）心理状态的频率、强度及模式，即体验的情感、认知和意动维度；c）思维的频率及模式，包括思维紊乱的质量和强度。本文回顾了经验抽样法的实践和方法学问题，并给出证据证明其作为评估上述变量的工具时的短期和长期可靠性。还通过展示经验抽样法测量结果与生理测量、一次性心理测试及行为指标之间的相关性来提供效度证据。本文回顾了一些在正常人群和临床人群中使用经验抽样法的研究，以证明该技术可有效应用的问题范围。
