Individual differences in the context of smoking lapse episodes.

Research on relapse has often focused either on the momentary context of lapses or on stable traits that predict who will relapse. We examine the relation between the two, analyzing how individual differences relate to characteristics of initial lapses, which were recorded nearly in real time by 105 smokers using hand-held computers. More nicotine-dependent smokers lapsed under more negative affect and more intense urges, but they did not smoke more in the initial lapse. Questionnaire measures of negative affect smoking did not predict negative affect lapses. Smokers who lapsed when drinking were less nicotine dependent, but they had a history of smoking while drinking, as assessed by computer monitoring. Smokers who attempted coping but lapsed nevertheless reported less active coping styles on the Ways of Coping questionnaire. The results demonstrate the interplay between individual traits and contextual influences in smoking relapse, and they particularly highlight the role of nicotine dependence in relation to contextual factors.