Hammel H T, Maggert J, Kaul R, Simon-Oppermann C, Simon E
Pflugers Arch. 1976 Mar 11;362(1):1-6. doi: 10.1007/BF00588674.
In 6 Adelie penguins, thermodes were implanted in the cervical and upper thoracic spinal canal. At thermoneutral (+8 to +16 degrees C) and cold (-18 to -22 degrees C) ambient conditions, the effects of spinal canal heating and cooling on the surface temperature of one flipper (skin blood flow), oxygen consumption (metabolic heat production) and esophageal (core) temperature were observed in the conscious animals.- At thermoneutral ambient conditions, spinal cord cooling reduced and spinal heating increased skin blood flow. Only very strong spinal cooling induced small increases of oxygen consumption, while spinal heating had no effect at all. The relation between spinal canal temperature and metabolic heat production at thermoneutral ambient conditions could be described by a linear regression with a slope of -0.05 W. KG-1 . DEGREES C-1. -At cold ambient conditions, the skin vessels of the flippers were permanently constricted and an increase of metabolic heat production by 5-50% of the resting rate developed within 1-3 h of cold exposure. Spinal cord cooling augmented metabolic heat production. Spinal heating reduced heat production but did not release skin vasoconstriction even at high stimulus intensities. The relation between spinal canal temperature and metabolic heat production in the cold could be described by a linear regression with a slope of -0,52 W. kg-1 . degrees C-1. -It is concluded that temperature sensors with specific functions in temperature regulation are located in the spinal cord of the Adelie penguin. These sensors contribute to the central temperature signal input in the hypothermic and hyperthermic ranges of core temperature. The peripheral thermal conditions strongly influence the responsiveness of the various thermoregulatory effectors to the spinal thermal stimulus.
在6只阿德利企鹅身上，将温度传感器植入颈部和上胸段椎管。在热中性（+8至+16摄氏度）和寒冷（-18至-22摄氏度）的环境条件下，观察清醒动物椎管加热和冷却对一侧鳍状肢表面温度（皮肤血流量）、耗氧量（代谢产热）和食管（核心）温度的影响。在热中性环境条件下，脊髓冷却会减少，而脊髓加热会增加皮肤血流量。只有非常强烈的脊髓冷却才会导致耗氧量略有增加，而脊髓加热则完全没有效果。热中性环境条件下椎管温度与代谢产热之间的关系可用斜率为-0.05W·kg⁻¹·℃⁻¹的线性回归来描述。在寒冷环境条件下，鳍状肢的皮肤血管持续收缩，在冷暴露1至3小时内，代谢产热增加了静息率的5%至50%。脊髓冷却会增强代谢产热。脊髓加热会减少产热，但即使在高刺激强度下也不会解除皮肤血管收缩。寒冷条件下椎管温度与代谢产热之间的关系可用斜率为-0.52W·kg⁻¹·℃⁻¹的线性回归来描述。得出的结论是，阿德利企鹅脊髓中存在具有特定温度调节功能的温度传感器。这些传感器在核心温度的低温和高温范围内有助于中枢温度信号输入。外周热条件强烈影响各种体温调节效应器对脊髓热刺激的反应性。
