Simon E, Simon-Oppermann C, Hammel H T, Kaul R, Maggert J
Pflugers Arch. 1976 Mar 11;362(1):7-13. doi: 10.1007/BF00588675.
In 4 Adelie penguins, thermodes were implanted in the rostral brain stem. Two animals were additionally equipped with spinal canal thermodes. At thermoneutral (+8 to +16 degrees C) and cold (-18 to -22 degrees C) ambient conditions, the effects of hypothalamic heating and cooling on the surface temperature of one flipper (skin blood flow), oxygen consumption (metabolic heat production) and esophageal (core) temperature were observed in the conscious animals.- Heating the rostral brain stem induced heat defence responses: Heat production was reduced in the cold and skin vasodilatation was evoked at thermoneutral ambient conditions. As a rule, core temperature fell during rostral brain stem heating.- Cooling the rostral brain stem did not induce clear-cut cold defence responses. On the contrary, strong cooling at thermo-neutral ambient conditions induced vasodilation in the skin. In the cold, even slight degrees of rostral brain stem cooling decreased metabolic heat production. As a rule, core temperature fell when the rostral brain stem was cooled.- It is concluded from the results that thermosensitive structures in the stimulated section of the rostral brain stem of the Adelie penguin contribute to the central temperature signal input in the range of normal to elevated core temperatures. These hypothalamic warm signals appear to be at least as effective as spinal warm signals in controlling skin blood flow and metabolic heat production. The inhibition of ongoing thermoregulatory effector activity by rostral brain stem cooling suggests positive temperature coefficients of the integrative and/or efferent neurons in the hypothalamic temperature regulation center of the Adelie penguin.
在4只阿德利企鹅中，将温度传感器植入吻端脑干。另外给2只动物配备了椎管温度传感器。在热中性（+8至+16摄氏度）和寒冷（-18至-22摄氏度）的环境条件下，观察清醒动物下丘脑加热和冷却对一侧鳍状肢表面温度（皮肤血流量）、耗氧量（代谢产热）和食管（核心）温度的影响。——加热吻端脑干会引发热防御反应：在寒冷环境中产热减少，在热中性环境条件下会引起皮肤血管舒张。通常，在吻端脑干加热期间核心温度会下降。——冷却吻端脑干并未引发明确的冷防御反应。相反，在热中性环境条件下强烈冷却会导致皮肤血管舒张。在寒冷环境中，即使吻端脑干轻微冷却也会降低代谢产热。通常，当吻端脑干冷却时核心温度会下降。——从这些结果可以得出结论，阿德利企鹅吻端脑干受刺激部位的热敏结构在正常至升高的核心温度范围内有助于中枢温度信号输入。这些下丘脑温暖信号在控制皮肤血流量和代谢产热方面似乎至少与脊髓温暖信号一样有效。吻端脑干冷却对正在进行的体温调节效应器活动的抑制表明，阿德利企鹅下丘脑体温调节中心的整合和/或传出神经元具有正温度系数。
