Zenner H P, Leysieffer H
Universitätsklinik für Hals-Nasen-Ohren-Heilkunde, Tübingen.
HNO. 1997 Oct;45(10):758-68. doi: 10.1007/s001060050154.
Active hearing implants have been developed to varying degrees for conductive hearing loss as well as for sensorineural hearing loss. Implants for conductive hearing loss match impedance transformation by the middle ear. They will be referred to as ITI (impedance transformation implants). Three partial ITIs have been developed for routine clinical use: the Swedish transcutaneous BAHA, the American subcutaneous AUDIANT, and the Japanese P-MEI. Of greater importance with respect to the number of patients are electronic implants for sensorineural hearing loss. These implants are designed to replace parts of the function of the cochlea amplifier (CA). Therefore, in this study, they will be called CAI (cochlea amplifier implant). The CAI consist of four parts: (1) transducer, (2) microphone, (3) control unit, and (4) battery. A CAI for routine clinical use does not yet exist. Two transducer principles have thus far been developed for use in CAIs: the electromagnetic (EM) and the piezoelectric (PE) principle. Most of the transducers that have been described are EM transducers. The American Maniglia implant and the American floating mass transducer have been tested in humans. Both belong to the category of high energy consuming (HEC) implants with a limited frequency range that does not contain the whole speech spectrum. This is in contrast to the Canadian electromagnetic Fredrickson-HEC implant which is capable of transmitting broad band signals of up to 10 kHz. All ot he HEC-EM transducers lack an implantable microphone and an implantable battery. The German CAI, one of the piezoelectrical implants, was recently implanted acutely in humans. It consists of a piezoelectrical, ossicle coupled, low energy consuming (LEC) transducer, as well as an implantable microphone. It allows a broadband signal of up to 10 kHz, yet at a considerably lower level of energy.
针对传导性听力损失以及感音神经性听力损失，有源听力植入设备已得到不同程度的开发。用于传导性听力损失的植入设备可匹配中耳的阻抗转换。它们将被称为ITI（阻抗转换植入物）。已开发出三种部分ITI用于常规临床应用：瑞典的经皮骨锚式助听器（BAHA）、美国的皮下听觉植入器（AUDIANT）以及日本的P-MEI。就患者数量而言，更为重要的是用于感音神经性听力损失的电子植入设备。这些植入设备旨在替代耳蜗放大器（CA）的部分功能。因此，在本研究中，它们将被称为CAI（耳蜗放大器植入物）。CAI由四个部分组成：（1）换能器，（2）麦克风，（3）控制单元，以及（4）电池。目前尚无用于常规临床应用的CAI。迄今为止，已开发出两种用于CAI的换能器原理：电磁（EM）原理和压电（PE）原理。已描述的大多数换能器都是EM换能器。美国的马尼利亚植入物和美国的浮动质量换能器已在人体中进行了测试。两者都属于高能耗（HEC）植入物类别，频率范围有限，不包含整个语音频谱。这与能够传输高达10kHz宽带信号的加拿大电磁弗雷德里克森-HEC植入物形成对比。所有其他HEC-EM换能器都缺少可植入的麦克风和可植入的电池。德国的CAI是压电植入物之一，最近已在人体中进行了急性植入。它由一个压电的、与听小骨耦合的、低能耗（LEC）换能器以及一个可植入的麦克风组成。它能够实现高达10kHz的宽带信号，但能量水平要低得多。
