Lang G E, Spraul C W
Universitäts-Augenklinik ULM.
Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1997 Oct;211(4):217-26. doi: 10.1055/s-2008-1035126.
Retinal vascular occlusions are the second most common retinal vascular diseases following diabetic retinopathy. Central retinal artery occlusion and branch retinal artery occlusion are most often caused by emboli. The mean age of patients with retinal artery occlusion and branch retinal artery occlusion is 62 and 58 years, respectively. The most common risk factors are arterial hypertension (65%), diabetes mellitus (25%), valvular diseases of the heart (25%), and carotid artery stenosis or plaques (45%). Rare causes are arteritis and vascular spasm. The pathogenesis of retinal branch vein occlusion and central retinal vein occlusion remains speculative. Two different mechanisms have been postulated, i.e. thrombosis in the vein due to a compression by atherosclerotic changes in the adjacent artery and a local alteration of the blood flow due to unfavourable physiologic factors. Retinal vein occlusion manifests at a mean age of 65 years. The most common risk factors are arterial hypertension in 34-75% and primary open angle glaucoma in 2.1-82%. In 5.6% of the patients with retinal branch vein occlusion retinal vasculitis is present.
视网膜血管阻塞是仅次于糖尿病视网膜病变的第二常见视网膜血管疾病。视网膜中央动脉阻塞和视网膜分支动脉阻塞最常见的病因是栓子。视网膜动脉阻塞和视网膜分支动脉阻塞患者的平均年龄分别为62岁和58岁。最常见的危险因素是动脉高血压（65%）、糖尿病（25%）、心脏瓣膜病（25%）以及颈动脉狭窄或斑块（45%）。少见病因是动脉炎和血管痉挛。视网膜分支静脉阻塞和视网膜中央静脉阻塞的发病机制仍不明确。有两种不同机制被提出，即相邻动脉粥样硬化改变压迫导致静脉血栓形成，以及不利生理因素导致局部血流改变。视网膜静脉阻塞发病的平均年龄为65岁。最常见的危险因素是34% - 75%的患者存在动脉高血压，2.1% - 82%的患者患有原发性开角型青光眼。5.6%的视网膜分支静脉阻塞患者存在视网膜血管炎。
