Kellis E
Division of Sport and Recreation, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
Sports Med. 1998 Jan;25(1):37-62. doi: 10.2165/00007256-199825010-00004.
The coactivation of hamstrings and quadriceps, and its relation to knee joint stability and cruciate ligament loading, have been extensively examined over the last decades. The purpose of this review is to present findings on the quantification of antagonist activation around the knee. Coactivation of the quadriceps and hamstrings during many activities has been examined using electromyography (EMG). However, there are several factors that affect antagonist EMG activity, such as the type of muscle action, velocity of the movement, level of effort and angular position. Furthermore, the antagonist EMG can be affected by methodological factors which relate to the data recording, analysis and quantification of the signal. Research has demonstrated that the effect of cross-talk on the hamstrings and quadriceps antagonist EMG depends on electrode size and location, fat layer of the muscles and the technique used to reduce it. There is an inconsistency as to the method used to normalise antagonist EMG depending on the type of movement examined. This makes comparisons between studies difficult and, therefore, further research is recommended. The antagonist function is better represented when the antagonist moment exerted is known; however, the direct measurement of antagonist moments or forces is very difficult. Few studies have used mathematical models to determine the moment or force distribution around the knee, including antagonist forces. This can be attributed to the complexity of the anatomy and function of the knee joint. Despite this, in vivo and in vitro experiments have demonstrated that quadriceps contraction near full extension induces significantly higher anterior shear forces when compared with the forces exerted when the hamstrings act as antagonists, thus indicating the important role of antagonist activity in knee joint stability. However, the magnitude of this contribution to the force distribution around the knee in many activities is unclear.
在过去几十年中，腘绳肌和股四头肌的共同激活及其与膝关节稳定性和交叉韧带负荷的关系已得到广泛研究。本综述的目的是介绍关于膝关节周围拮抗肌激活量化的研究结果。在许多活动中，股四头肌和腘绳肌的共同激活已通过肌电图（EMG）进行了检测。然而，有几个因素会影响拮抗肌的肌电图活动，如肌肉动作类型、运动速度、用力程度和角度位置。此外，拮抗肌的肌电图会受到与信号记录、分析和量化相关的方法学因素的影响。研究表明，串扰对腘绳肌和股四头肌拮抗肌肌电图的影响取决于电极大小和位置、肌肉的脂肪层以及用于减少串扰的技术。根据所研究运动的类型，用于标准化拮抗肌肌电图的方法存在不一致性。这使得不同研究之间的比较变得困难，因此建议进一步开展研究。当已知拮抗肌施加的力矩时，拮抗肌功能能得到更好的体现；然而，直接测量拮抗肌的力矩或力非常困难。很少有研究使用数学模型来确定膝关节周围的力矩或力分布，包括拮抗肌的力。这可归因于膝关节解剖结构和功能的复杂性。尽管如此，体内和体外实验表明，与腘绳肌作为拮抗肌时所施加的力相比，股四头肌在接近完全伸展时收缩会产生显著更高的前剪切力，从而表明拮抗肌活动在膝关节稳定性中的重要作用。然而，在许多活动中，这种对膝关节周围力分布的贡献程度尚不清楚。
