Interactions of alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones with human glutathione S-transferase P1-1.

In the present study the irreversible inhibition of human glutathione S-transferase P1-1 (GSTP1-1) by alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones was studied. When GSTP1-1 was incubated with a 50-fold molar excess of the aldehydes acrolein (ACR) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and the ketones curcumin (CUR) and ethacrynic acid (EA) at 22 degrees C, all of them inactivated GSTP1-1. The remaining activity after 4 h of incubation in all cases was lower than 10%. The aldehydes crotonaldehyde (CRA), cinnamaldehyde (CA) and trans-2-hexenal were found to inhibit GSTP1-1 only at a 5000-fold molar excess and even then, for example, for CA a higher remaining activity of 17% was observed. The same inhibition experiments were conducted with 3 mutants of GSTP1-1: the C47S and C101S mutants and the double mutant C47S/C101S. Remaining activity for C47S varied between +/- 40% for CRA, CA, CUR and HEX and +/- 80% for ACR, EA and HNE. For C101S it varied between 0 and 9% and for the double mutant C47S/C101S, activity after 4 h of incubation was variable. Again it varied between +/- 40% for CRA, CA, CUR and HEX and +/- 80% for ACR, EA and HNE. EA is known to react almost exclusively with cysteine 47. When [14C]EA was incubated with the GSTP1-1, modified by the alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, no [14C]EA was incorporated in the enzyme, indicating that in all cases this cysteine residue was one of the major targets. Since Michael addition with these reagents is known to be reversible, the results of incubation of the inactivated enzymes with an excess of glutathione (GSH) were determined. For all compounds, a restoration of the catalytic activity was observed. The results indicate that alpha, beta-unsaturated carbonyl derivatives inhibit GSTP1-1 irreversibly mainly by binding to cysteine residues of GSTP1-1, especially Cys-47, This means that some of these compounds (e.g. CUR) might modify GST activity in vivo when GSH concentrations are low by covalent binding to the enzyme.