Frost P, Weaver C A
Baylor University, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Waco, TX 76798-7334, USA.
Memory. 1997 Nov;5(6):725-40. doi: 10.1080/741941545.
Eyewitness memory is often distorted when misleading information is presented to subjects after encoding. Three experiments explored ways to overcome these misinformation effects. In Experiment 1, subjects viewed slides of a robbery, at a rate of four or seven seconds per slide. Five minutes later subjects were given a recognition test with few (1-3) or numerous (6-13) event cues. Providing numerous retrieval cues improved overall performance, but did not reduce the effects of misinformation. With week-long delays (Experiment 2) numerous retrieval cues did eliminate misinformation effects, but only when subjects viewed slides at the slower rate (seven seconds per slide). Experiment 3 essentially replicated this pattern, using a modified test to eliminate any biasing effects of distractors. Given adequate encoding and numerous retrieval cues, misinformation effects were eliminated, suggesting that under some conditions misinformation makes event memory inaccessible, but not unavailable.
当在编码后向受试者呈现误导性信息时，目击证人的记忆常常会被扭曲。三项实验探索了克服这些错误信息效应的方法。在实验1中，受试者观看了一场抢劫案的幻灯片，每张幻灯片的观看速度为每秒4张或7张。五分钟后，对受试者进行了识别测试，提供少量（1 - 3个）或大量（6 - 13个）事件线索。提供大量的检索线索提高了整体表现，但并没有减少错误信息的影响。在长达一周的延迟情况下（实验2），大量的检索线索确实消除了错误信息的影响，但只有当受试者以较慢的速度（每张幻灯片7秒）观看幻灯片时才会如此。实验3基本上重复了这一模式，使用了一种经过修改的测试来消除干扰因素的任何偏差效应。在有足够的编码和大量检索线索的情况下，错误信息效应被消除了，这表明在某些条件下，错误信息会使事件记忆无法被提取，但并非无法获得。
