Ling G V, Ruby A L, Johnson D L, Thurmond M, Franti C E
Urinary Stone Analysis Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616, USA.
J Vet Intern Med. 1998 Jan-Feb;12(1):11-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-1676.1998.tb00491.x.
Three hundred seventeen specimens of urinary calculi of renal origin from 214 female dogs and 103 male dogs, and 71 specimens of urinary calculi of renal origin from 38 female cats and 33 male cats were submitted for mineral analysis between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 1993. Among dogs, 45 breeds were affected with renal calculi. Thirty-three breeds and a crossbred group were represented among females, but 8 breeds and the crossbred group accounted for 81% of the total. Among male dogs, 30 breeds and a crossbred group were represented, but 7 breeds and the crossbred group accounted for 69% of the total. Among cats, 10 breeds and a crossbred group were represented. Dogs and cats with renal calculi were older than those of 2 comparison population groups. More than one-half of the renal calculi in both dogs and cats were from the 1st known episode of urolithiasis. The risk of formation of renal calculi was found to be higher for cats than for dogs, when compared to other stone-forming cats and dogs (approximately 4.95 per 100 stone-forming cats and 2.88 per 100 stone-forming dogs). Among dogs, breeds at highest risk of developing renal calculi were Miniature Schnauzers, Shih Tzus, Lhasa Aposos, Yorkshire Terriers, and female Pugs. Also at high risk were male Dalmatians and male Basset Hounds. Among small dogs, females generally were at higher risk of developing renal calculi than were males. Regardless of size, terrier breed males generally were at higher risk of developing renal calculi. Breeds of dogs at low risk for development of renal calculi included crossbreds. German Shepherd Dogs, Labrador Retrievers, Golden Retrievers, and female Dachshunds. When only 1 kidney was involved, the risk of left renal calculus was greatest for both dogs and cats, but bilateral renal involvement was relatively common in both species (19% and 9%, respectively). Among dogs, specimens composed of 1 mineral substance (e.g., struvite) occurred more often in males (58.3%) than in females (37.9%). Female dogs formed renal calculi containing struvite or oxalate more often than did males; males formed calculi containing urate more often than did females. Calculi containing oxalate, apatite, or some combination of these minerals predominated among cats; only 1 specimen from 38 female cats and only 4 specimens from 33 male cats contained neither oxalate nor apatite. Crossbred cats were significantly less likely to have renal calculi than were other breeds. A single renal calculus specimen was identified in several uncommon breeds including Tonkinese and Birman cats, and Affenpinscher, Clumber Spaniel, English Shepherd, and Field Spaniel dogs. No significant differences were observed between male and female dogs or between male and female cats with regard to mineral type of the specimen and the presence of urinary tract infection.
1981年7月1日至1993年12月31日期间，共提交了来自214只雌性犬和103只雄性犬的317份肾源性尿结石标本，以及来自38只雌性猫和33只雄性猫的71份肾源性尿结石标本进行矿物质分析。在犬类中，有45个品种受到肾结石影响。雌性中有33个品种和一个杂交组，但8个品种和杂交组占总数的81%。在雄性犬中，有30个品种和一个杂交组，但7个品种和杂交组占总数的69%。在猫类中，有10个品种和一个杂交组。患肾结石的犬猫比两个对照种群组的犬猫年龄更大。犬猫中超过一半的肾结石来自首次已知的尿石症发作。与其他形成结石的猫和犬相比，发现猫形成肾结石的风险高于犬（每100只形成结石的猫约为4.95例，每100只形成结石的犬约为2.88例）。在犬类中，患肾结石风险最高的品种是迷你雪纳瑞犬、西施犬、拉萨犬、约克夏梗犬和雌性哈巴狗。雄性斑点狗和雄性巴吉度猎犬也处于高风险。在小型犬中，雌性通常比雄性患肾结石的风险更高。无论体型大小，梗犬品种的雄性通常患肾结石的风险更高。患肾结石风险较低的犬种包括杂交犬、德国牧羊犬、拉布拉多寻回犬、金毛寻回犬和雌性腊肠犬。当只有一个肾脏受累时，犬猫左肾结石的风险最大，但双侧肾脏受累在两个物种中都相对常见（分别为19%和9%）。在犬类中，由一种矿物质（如鸟粪石）组成的标本在雄性中出现的频率（58.3%）高于雌性（37.9%）。雌性犬形成含鸟粪石或草酸盐的肾结石比雄性更常见；雄性形成含尿酸盐的结石比雌性更常见。含草酸盐、磷灰石或这些矿物质某种组合的结石在猫中占主导；38只雌性猫中只有1个标本，33只雄性猫中只有4个标本既不含草酸盐也不含磷灰石。杂交猫患肾结石的可能性明显低于其他品种。在几个不常见的品种中发现了单个肾结石标本，包括东奇尼猫和伯曼猫以及猴面梗犬、克伦伯猎鹬犬、英国牧羊犬和田野小猎犬。在标本的矿物质类型和尿路感染的存在方面，未观察到雄性和雌性犬或雄性和雌性猫之间的显著差异。
