Carlsen K H
Voksentoppen Children's Center of Asthma and Allergy, Oslo, Norway.
Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 1997 Oct;52(5):455-60.
Airways inflammation markers may help in predicting prognosis, in diagnosis and in monitoring respiratory diseases. Inflammation markers specific for certain cells may indicate the nature of the inflammatory processes, whilst others indicate stage and intensity. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) helps to establish contact between the antigen-presenting cell and T-lymphocytes. Soluble serum ICAM-1 is increased in developing chronic lung disease of the newborn and atopic bronchial asthma. ICAM-1 is also the major human rhinovirus receptor. Interleukin 4 and interferon-gamma regulate the immunoglobulin E response, are difficult to measure in serum, and most groups employ stimulated cell cultures. These early inflammation markers may have predictive value. The leukotrienes are released from mast cells and eosinophils. Leukotriene (LT) B4 may be analysed in serum, whereas the cysteinyl leukotrienes, LTC4, LTD4, LTE4, may be assessed in urine. Serum LTB4 and urinary LTE4 have been found to be elevated during acute wheezy exacerbations. Tryptase is released from mast cells and is elevated in serum during acute anaphylaxis. However, tryptase has not been found to be related to inflammatory activity under other conditions. Myeloperoxidase is released from neutrophils, and serum levels are elevated in asthma, respiratory infections and other chronic lung diseases. The eosinophil markers eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eosinophil protein X (EPX) reflect eosinophil activation. ECP in serum and EPX in urine are elevated in asthma, atopic eczema and other conditions with eosinophil activation. They are related to symptom activity in asthma and atopic eczema and are influenced by anti-inflammatory therapy. In early wheezing, serum ECP may have predictive value. Serum ECP is dependent upon sampling procedures. Nitrogen oxide in exhaled air reflects inflammatory activity in asthma, and is influenced by anti-inflammatory therapy. However, in young children there are sampling difficulties.
气道炎症标志物有助于预测预后、诊断及监测呼吸系统疾病。某些特定细胞的炎症标志物可表明炎症过程的性质，而其他标志物则可显示疾病阶段和强度。细胞间黏附分子1（ICAM - 1）有助于抗原呈递细胞与T淋巴细胞之间建立联系。可溶性血清ICAM - 1在新生儿慢性肺病及特应性支气管哮喘的发展过程中会升高。ICAM - 1也是主要的人鼻病毒受体。白细胞介素4和干扰素 - γ调节免疫球蛋白E反应，在血清中难以测量，大多数研究团队采用刺激细胞培养的方法。这些早期炎症标志物可能具有预测价值。白三烯从肥大细胞和嗜酸性粒细胞中释放。白三烯（LT）B4可在血清中进行分析，而半胱氨酰白三烯LTC4、LTD4、LTE4可在尿液中进行评估。血清LTB4和尿LTE4在急性喘息加重期会升高。类胰蛋白酶从肥大细胞中释放，在急性过敏反应期间血清中含量会升高。然而，尚未发现类胰蛋白酶在其他情况下与炎症活动有关。髓过氧化物酶从中性粒细胞中释放，在哮喘、呼吸道感染及其他慢性肺病中血清水平会升高。嗜酸性粒细胞标志物嗜酸性粒细胞阳离子蛋白（ECP）和嗜酸性粒细胞蛋白X（EPX）反映嗜酸性粒细胞的活化情况。哮喘、特应性皮炎及其他有嗜酸性粒细胞活化的疾病中，血清ECP和尿EPX会升高。它们与哮喘和特应性皮炎的症状活动有关，并受抗炎治疗的影响。在早期喘息中，血清ECP可能具有预测价值。血清ECP取决于采样程序。呼出气体中的一氧化氮反映哮喘中的炎症活动，并受抗炎治疗的影响。然而，对于幼儿来说，存在采样困难。
