Vlietinck A J, De Bruyne T, Apers S, Pieters L A
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp (UA), Belgium.
Planta Med. 1998 Mar;64(2):97-109. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-957384.
Many compounds of plant origin have been identified that inhibit different stages in the replication cycle of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): 1) virus adsorption: chromone alkaloids (schumannificine), isoquinoline alkaloids (michellamines), sulphated polysaccharides and polyphenolics, flavonoids, coumarins (glycocoumarin, licopyranocoumarin) phenolics (caffeic acid derivatives, galloyl acid derivatives, catechinic acid derivatives), tannins and triterpenes (glycyrrhizin and analogues, soyasaponin and analogues); 2) virus-cell fusion: lectins (mannose- and N-acetylglucosamine-specific) and triterpenes (betulinic acid and analogues); 3) reverse transcription; alkaloids (benzophenanthridines, protoberberines, isoquinolines, quinolines), coumarins (calanolides and analogues), flavonoids, phloroglucinols, lactones (protolichesterinic acid), tannins, iridoids (fulvoplumierin) and triterpenes; 4) integration: coumarins (3-substituted-4-hydroxycoumarins), depsidones, O-caffeoyl derivatives, lignans (arctigenin and analogues) and phenolics (curcumin); 5) translation: single chain ribosome inactivating proteins (SCRIP's); 6) proteolytic cleavage (protease inhibition): saponins (ursolic and maslinic acids), xanthones (mangostin and analogues) and coumarins; 7) glycosylation: alkaloids including indolizidines (castanospermine and analogues), piperidines (1-deoxynojirimicin and analogues) and pyrrolizidines (australine and analogues); 8) assembly/release: naphthodianthrones (hypericin and pseudohypericin), photosensitisers (terthiophenes and furoisocoumarins) and phospholipids. The target of action of several anti-HIV substances including alkaloids (O-demethyl-buchenavianine, papaverine), polysaccharides (acemannan), lignans (intheriotherins, schisantherin), phenolics (gossypol, lignins, catechol dimers such as peltatols, naphthoquinones such as conocurvone) and saponins (celasdin B, Gleditsia and Gymnocladus saponins), has not been elucidated or does not fit in the proposed scheme. Only a very few of these plant-derived anti-HIV products have been used in a limited number of patients suffering from AIDS viz. glycyrrhizin, papaverine, trichosanthin, castanospermine, N-butyl-1-deoxynojirimicin and acemannan.
现已鉴定出许多植物源化合物可抑制人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）复制周期的不同阶段：1）病毒吸附：色酮生物碱（舒曼尼菲辛）、异喹啉生物碱（米切拉明）、硫酸化多糖和多酚类、黄酮类、香豆素（糖基香豆素、吡喃糖基香豆素）、酚类（咖啡酸衍生物、没食子酰酸衍生物、儿茶酸衍生物）、单宁和三萜类（甘草酸及其类似物、大豆皂苷及其类似物）；2）病毒-细胞融合：凝集素（甘露糖和N-乙酰葡糖胺特异性）和三萜类（桦木酸及其类似物）；3）逆转录：生物碱（苯并菲啶类、原小檗碱类、异喹啉类、喹啉类）、香豆素（卡拉诺内酯及其类似物）、黄酮类、间苯三酚、内酯（原lichesterinic酸）、单宁、环烯醚萜（fulvoplumierin）和三萜类；4）整合：香豆素（3-取代-4-羟基香豆素）、缩酚酸酮、O-咖啡酰衍生物、木脂素（牛蒡子苷元和类似物）和酚类（姜黄素）；5）翻译：单链核糖体失活蛋白（SCRIP's）；6）蛋白水解切割（蛋白酶抑制）：皂苷（熊果酸和马斯里酸）、呫吨酮（山竹黄酮及其类似物）和香豆素；7）糖基化：包括吲哚里西啶生物碱（castanospermine及其类似物）、哌啶生物碱（1-脱氧野尻霉素及其类似物）和吡咯里西啶生物碱（澳大利亚树胶及其类似物）；8）组装/释放：萘并二蒽酮（金丝桃素和假金丝桃素）、光敏剂（三联噻吩和呋喃异香豆素）和磷脂。包括生物碱（O-去甲基布氏那维宁、罂粟碱）、多糖（乙酰半乳甘露聚糖）、木脂素（intheriotherins、五味子素）、酚类（棉酚、木质素、儿茶酚二聚体如peltatols、萘醌如conocurvone）和皂苷（celasdin B、皂荚和肥皂荚皂苷）在内的几种抗HIV物质的作用靶点尚未阐明，或不符合所提出的方案。这些植物源抗HIV产品中只有极少数已在少数艾滋病患者中使用，即甘草酸、罂粟碱、天花粉蛋白、castanospermine、N-丁基-1-脱氧野尻霉素和乙酰半乳甘露聚糖。
