Sheep and goat tick management.

Tick and tick-borne disease (TBD) problems of sheep and goats are less well studied than those of cattle. Nevertheless, small ruminants are able to acquire worthwhile resistance to most tick species and the principles of enzootic stability and the need to preserve it are similar to those with cattle. In practice, sheep and goats are often grazed nomadically and initial TBD infections may be delayed. This may well account for losses from Nairobi sheep disease and heartwater. Sheep and goats are also affected by direct tick damage including tick bite abscesses, tick paralysis, tick-induced dermatophilosis, etc. Otherwise direct damage is believed to be only slight and stress from dipping causes reductions in liveweight gain greater than those caused by the ticks. Even "pour-on" preparations produce no economic benefit in studied situations despite the lack of stress. A pragmatic approach to tick management is needed for varying situations although the need to preserve enzootic stability is of paramount importance.