Hørby Jørgensen M, Hølmer G, Lund P, Hernell O, Michaelsen K F
Center for Advanced Food Studies and Research Department of Human Nutrition, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1998 Apr;26(4):412-21. doi: 10.1097/00005176-199804000-00010.
Docosahexaenoic acid is present in high concentration in retina and does not influence visual development in preterm infants. It is still under discussion whether docosahexaenoic acid is important for visual development in term infants.
Thirty-seven infants fed formula for a median of 14 days were randomized at median age of 25 days to three formulas: a) DHAGF: 0.3 wt% docosahexaenoic acid and 0.5 wt% gamma-linolenic acid; b) DHAF 0.3 wt% docosahexaenoic acid; or c) STF: standard formula without long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and 17 breast-fed infants were observed, using blood samples and anthropometric measurements from 1 to 4 months of age. At 4 months, visual acuity was measured by swept steady-state visual evoked potential. A cross-sectional study on 25 breast-fed infants was carried out as a reference group for the analyses.
Infants fed the two docosahexaenoic acid-supplemented formula had relative docosahexaenoic acid concentrations in red blood cell phospholipids almost as high as those in breast-fed infants, whereas infants in the standard formula group had significantly lower levels. The addition of gamma-linolenic acid to the formula had a positive effect on red blood cell arachidonic acid levels, compared with levels obtained using fish oil only. Visual acuity was significantly different among all feeding groups (analysis of variance; p = 0.05, means +/- standard deviation: breast-fed, 0.37+/-0.06 logMAR; DHAF and DHAGF combined, 0.40+/-0.07 logMAR; and standard formula 0.44+/-0.07 logMAR. However, there was no statistical difference among the formula groups. In a multiple regression analysis including all formula-fed infants, weight at delivery (p = 0.002), but not type of formula, was significantly associated with visual acuity at 4 months of age.
The addition of docosahexaenoic acid resulted in concentrations in red blood cells at similar levels as those in breast-fed infants, whereas the increase in visual acuity did not reach significance. The addition of gamma-linolenic acid resulted in higher arachidonic acid concentrations in red blood cells.
二十二碳六烯酸在视网膜中高浓度存在，且对早产儿的视觉发育无影响。二十二碳六烯酸对足月儿的视觉发育是否重要仍在讨论中。
37名平均喂养配方奶14天的婴儿在平均25日龄时被随机分为三种配方奶组：a）DHAGF：0.3重量%二十二碳六烯酸和0.5重量%γ-亚麻酸；b）DHAF：0.3重量%二十二碳六烯酸；或c）STF：不含长链多不饱和脂肪酸的标准配方奶，并观察了17名母乳喂养的婴儿，在1至4月龄时采集血样并进行人体测量。4月龄时，通过扫描稳态视觉诱发电位测量视力。对25名母乳喂养婴儿进行横断面研究作为分析的参考组。
喂养两种添加二十二碳六烯酸配方奶的婴儿红细胞磷脂中的二十二碳六烯酸相对浓度几乎与母乳喂养婴儿的浓度一样高，而标准配方奶组婴儿的水平显著较低。与仅使用鱼油获得的水平相比，配方奶中添加γ-亚麻酸对红细胞花生四烯酸水平有积极影响。所有喂养组之间的视力有显著差异（方差分析；p = 0.05，平均值±标准差：母乳喂养，0.37±0.06 logMAR；DHAF和DHAGF合并，0.40±0.07 logMAR；标准配方奶，0.44±0.07 logMAR）。然而，配方奶组之间没有统计学差异。在包括所有配方奶喂养婴儿的多元回归分析中，出生体重（p = 0.002）而非配方奶类型与4月龄时的视力显著相关。
添加二十二碳六烯酸导致红细胞中的浓度与母乳喂养婴儿的浓度相似，而视力的提高未达到显著水平。添加γ-亚麻酸导致红细胞中花生四烯酸浓度更高。
