Slocombe DS
Department of Geography and Environmental Studies Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3C5
Environ Manage. 1998 Jul;22(4):483-93. doi: 10.1007/s002679900121.
/ Identifying goals or targets for landscape and ecosystem management is now a widely recognized need that has received little systematic attention. At a micro-level most planners and managers of both ecosystems and economies continue to pursue traditional goals and targets that miss many desirable characteristics of ecosystem-based management goals. Desirable characteristics of ecosystem and landscape management goals and targets include: addressing complexity, transdisciplinarity, and the dynamic nature of natural systems; reflecting the wide range of interests and goals that exist; recognizing goals and values and limits; involving people and being explainable and implementable in a consistent way to different people and groups; and evolving adaptively as conditions and knowledge change. Substantive and procedural goals can be distinguished; the latter supporting the former. Substantive goals can be grouped according to their relationship to system structure, organization, and process/dynamics, and their disciplinary or subsystemic breadth. These discussions are illustrated by a review of the goals of biodiversity, sustainability, ecological health, and integrity. An example of a hierarchical framework of procedural goals and objectives that supports achievement of substantive goals is also provided. The conclusion is that a parallel, linked system of substantive and procedural goals at different levels of complexity and disciplinarity is needed to facilitate ecosystem-based management.KEY WORDS: Ecosystem management; Goals and objectives; Assessment criteria
确定景观和生态系统管理的目标或指标，如今已成为一种广泛认可的需求，但却很少受到系统关注。在微观层面，大多数生态系统和经济领域的规划者与管理者仍在追求传统目标和指标，这些目标和指标未能涵盖基于生态系统管理目标的许多理想特征。生态系统和景观管理目标及指标的理想特征包括：应对复杂性、跨学科性以及自然系统的动态特性；反映广泛存在的各种利益和目标；认识到目标、价值和限制；让人们参与其中，并能以一致的方式向不同的个人和群体作出解释且具有可实施性；以及随着条件和知识的变化而适应性地演变。可以区分实质性目标和程序性目标；后者支持前者。实质性目标可根据其与系统结构、组织以及过程/动态的关系，及其学科或子系统广度进行分类。通过对生物多样性、可持续性、生态健康和完整性目标的回顾来说明这些讨论。还提供了一个支持实现实质性目标的程序性目标和目的层次框架示例。结论是，需要一个在不同复杂程度和学科层面上并行且相互关联的实质性和程序性目标系统，以促进基于生态系统的管理。
生态系统管理；目标和目的；评估标准
