Neveu H, Hafen T, Zimmermann E, Rumpler Y
Laboratoire de Biologie, Centre de Primatologie, Niederhausbergen, France.
Folia Primatol (Basel). 1998;69 Suppl 1:127-35. doi: 10.1159/000052706.
Continued survival of most animal species depends on population management and active protection. It is generally agreed that, in order to avoid extinction of endangered species, ex situ and in situ conservation must be developed in tandem. However, even though many recommendations have been put forward to promote the survival of captive populations, some rapidly become extinct due to loss of genetic diversity (drift effect). Genetic markers, such as random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, can be applied to rapid testing of many individuals. They also permit analysis of very small amounts of DNA, when small species such as mouse lemurs (Microcebus) are to be tested. Using RAPD markers, we compare genetic diversity in four captive groups of Microcebus murinus to that in a sample of 70 wild mouse lemurs. Following the principles of Mendelian inheritance, each amplified fragment of DNA may be considered as a 'locus' (or an amplifying site). The series of bands amplified by a particular primer in any individual is referred to as the individual's 'profile'. We tested 5 primers, or, in the above terms, we studied 98 different 'loci'. Results showed that the captive groups had lost genetic information with respect to the wild sample. Among the four captive groups, the loss of genetic diversity varied according to their number of founders and/or the management of their captive reproduction. Our study of polymorphism permitted us to establish tools for the genetic management of captive breeding, and for the determination of paternity which frequently give better results than behavioural studies; and simulation of introductions or departures of individuals in one very monomorphic group permitted estimation of future increases in its genetic diversity.
大多数动物物种的持续生存依赖于种群管理和积极保护。人们普遍认为，为避免濒危物种灭绝，迁地保护和就地保护必须协同发展。然而，尽管已提出许多促进圈养种群生存的建议，但一些种群仍因遗传多样性丧失（漂变效应）而迅速灭绝。遗传标记，如随机扩增多态性DNA（RAPD）标记，可用于对许多个体进行快速检测。当要检测如小鼠狐猴（Microcebus）等小型物种时，它们还允许对极少量的DNA进行分析。利用RAPD标记，我们比较了四组圈养的小鼠狐猴（Microcebus murinus）的遗传多样性与70只野生小鼠狐猴样本的遗传多样性。遵循孟德尔遗传原理，每个扩增的DNA片段可被视为一个“基因座”（或一个扩增位点）。在任何个体中，由特定引物扩增出的一系列条带被称为该个体的“图谱”。我们测试了5种引物，或者用上述术语来说，我们研究了98个不同的“基因座”。结果表明，圈养种群相对于野生样本已经丧失了遗传信息。在这四个圈养种群中，遗传多样性的丧失因其创始个体数量和/或圈养繁殖管理方式的不同而有所差异。我们对多态性的研究使我们能够建立圈养繁殖遗传管理工具以及用于确定父系的工具，这些工具通常比行为学研究结果更好；对一个非常单一的群体中个体的引入或迁出进行模拟，可以估计其未来遗传多样性的增加情况。
