Holman E A, Silver R C
School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine 92697-7085, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 1998 May;74(5):1146-63. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1146.
The relations between temporal orientation and long-term psychological distress were studied cross-sectionally and longitudinally in 3 samples of traumatized individuals: adult victims of childhood incest, Vietnam War veterans, and residents of 2 southern California communities devastated by fire. Results indicated that a past temporal orientation--focusing attention on prior life experiences--was associated with elevated levels of distress long after the trauma had passed, even when controlling for the degree of rumination reported. Temporal disintegration at the time of the trauma--whereby the present moment becomes isolated from the continuity of past and future time--was associated with a high degree of past temporal orientation over time and subsequent distress. Temporal disintegration was highest among individuals who had experienced the most severe loss, had previously experienced chronic trauma, and had had their identities threatened by their traumatic experience.
在三组受创伤个体样本中，对时间定向与长期心理困扰之间的关系进行了横断面和纵向研究：童年期乱伦的成年受害者、越战退伍军人以及南加州两个遭受火灾破坏社区的居民。结果表明，过去时间定向——将注意力集中在以前的生活经历上——即使在控制了所报告的沉思程度之后，在创伤过去很长时间后仍与更高水平的困扰相关。创伤发生时的时间解体——即当下时刻与过去和未来时间的连续性相分离——随着时间的推移与高度的过去时间定向以及随后的困扰相关。在经历了最严重损失、先前经历过慢性创伤且其身份因创伤经历而受到威胁的个体中，时间解体最为严重。
