Newell F N, Findlay J M
Department of Psychology, University of Durham, UK.
Perception. 1997;26(10):1231-57. doi: 10.1068/p261231.
Five experiments are reported in which the time to verify the name of different three-dimensional common objects shown rotated in depth was investigated. Views of computer-generated images of elongated objects rotated in steps of 30 degrees along six axes of rotation were used as stimuli. A significant main effect of view was found in all experiments. This effect was initially attributed to the relatively slower verification times to the end-on views of objects but further analysis revealed that views 30 degrees off the end-on views were significantly slower to verify than other views. Objects with gravitational uprights yielded the same effects as objects without gravitational uprights. The results were not dependent on practice with the stimuli prior to the experiment or on repeated exposure of the views during the experiment. Also, there was no benefit found for the identification of shaded over silhouetted images of objects when shown in more-conventional views but unconventional views were more recognisable when shaded than when silhouetted. Last, initial verification times for familiar views of a set of novel objects were faster than for unfamiliar views even when the views were unconventional. With practice on unfamiliar views, however, the same function relating view to verification time found for familiar objects was found for the novel objects. The results suggest that for recognition purposes visual memory stores discrete views of objects but it characteristically favours a canonical range of views of elongated objects that are based on the salient geometry of the objects so that more unconventional or foreshortened views are less readily recognised.
本文报告了五项实验，研究了验证不同三维常见物体在深度上旋转后的名称所需的时间。实验使用了沿六个旋转轴以30度步长旋转的细长物体的计算机生成图像视图作为刺激。在所有实验中均发现了显著的视图主效应。这种效应最初被归因于对物体端视图的验证时间相对较慢，但进一步分析表明，与端视图相差30度的视图比其他视图的验证速度明显更慢。具有重力直立方向的物体与没有重力直立方向的物体产生相同的效果。结果不依赖于实验前对刺激的练习，也不依赖于实验过程中对视图的重复呈现。此外，当以更传统的视图呈现时，物体的阴影图像与轮廓图像的识别没有差异，但在非传统视图中，阴影图像比轮廓图像更易于识别。最后，即使视图是非传统的，一组新物体的熟悉视图的初始验证时间也比不熟悉的视图更快。然而，通过对不熟悉视图的练习，新物体也呈现出与熟悉物体相同的视图与验证时间的关系。结果表明，为了识别目的，视觉记忆存储物体的离散视图，但它通常偏爱基于物体显著几何形状的细长物体的典型视图范围，因此更多非传统或缩短的视图不太容易被识别。
