Ralph J A, Mineka S
Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
J Abnorm Psychol. 1998 May;107(2):203-15. doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.107.2.203.
A midterm design was used to determine whether students' attributional style for negative achievement events interacts with self-esteem and a lower-than-expected exam grade to predict changes in measures of specific and nonspecific depression and anxiety. Participants were 141 students who completed baseline measures of attributional style and self-esteem, as well as affective measures on several occasions before and after receipt of midterm grades. A pessimistic attributional style for negative events interacted with self-esteem and outcome to predict residual changes in a combined measure of nonspecific distress and anxious arousal (marginal trend) but not a combined measure of specific depressive symptoms. Unexpectedly, the greatest residual increases in distress occurred among low-self-esteem pessimists who experienced a nonfailure outcome. These effects did not appear to be mediated by changes in hopelessness.
采用中期设计来确定学生对负面成绩事件的归因方式是否与自尊以及低于预期的考试成绩相互作用，以预测特定和非特定抑郁及焦虑指标的变化。参与者为141名学生，他们完成了归因方式和自尊的基线测量，以及在收到中期成绩前后多次的情感测量。负面事件的悲观归因方式与自尊和结果相互作用，以预测非特定痛苦和焦虑唤醒综合测量指标中的残余变化（边缘趋势），但不能预测特定抑郁症状的综合测量指标。出乎意料的是，痛苦残余增加最多的是那些经历了非失败结果的低自尊悲观者。这些影响似乎不是由绝望感的变化介导的。
