Jacobson A G, Gordon R
J Exp Zool. 1976 Aug;197(2):191-246. doi: 10.1002/jez.1401970205.
Two forces are necessary and sufficient to produce the transformation of the newt neural plate from a hemispheric sheet of cells one cell thick to a keyhole shape. These forces are: (1) a regionally programmed shrinkage of the surface of the neural plate (accomplished by contraction of the apical surfaces of the neural plate cells and elongation of these cells perpendicular to the plate); and (2) displacement of the whole sheet caused by elongation of either the notochord or the overlying neural plate cells in the antero-posterior direction. A computer simulation and mathematical analysis ("morphodynamics"), together with experiments and observations on embryos, were used to deduce the morphogenesis of the neural plate from these forces.
有两种力对于蝾螈神经板从单层细胞构成的半球形薄片转变为锁孔形状是必要且充分的。这两种力是：(1) 神经板表面的区域程序性收缩（通过神经板细胞顶端表面的收缩以及这些细胞垂直于神经板方向的伸长来实现）；(2) 由脊索或覆盖其上的神经板细胞在前后方向的伸长所导致的整个薄片的位移。利用计算机模拟和数学分析（“形态动力学”），以及对胚胎的实验和观察，从这些力推导出神经板的形态发生过程。
