Flynn J J, Nedbal M A
Department of Geology, The Field Museum, Chicago, Illinois, 60605, USA.
Mol Phylogenet Evol. 1998 Jun;9(3):414-26. doi: 10.1006/mpev.1998.0504.
The purpose of this study was to determine the higher-level phylogenetic relationships among Carnivora, using a conditional data combination (CDC) approach to analyzing multiple data sets. New nucleotide sequences (851 base pairs from intron I of the transthyretin gene) among 22 representatives of the 11 families of Carnivora were generated and analyzed in concert with, and comparison to, other mitochondrial and morphological character data. Conditional data combination analyses of the four independent data sets (transthyretin intron I, cytochrome b, partial 12S rRNA, and morphology) indicate that the phylogenetic results derived from each generally agree, with two exceptions. The first exception, signal heterogeneity in comparisons involving transthyretin and morphology, provides an example where phylogenetic conclusions drawn from total evidence analyses may differ from conclusions drawn from CDC analyses. The second exception demonstrates that while a CDC method may reject the null hypothesis of homogeneity for a particular partition, including that partition in combined analyses, may nevertheless provide an overall increase in phylogenetic signal, in terms of nodal support for most associations, without altering the topology derived from the combined homogeneous data partitions. Phylogenetic reconstruction among the feliform families supports a sister-group relationship between the hyaenas (Hyaenidae) and mongooses (Herpestidae) and places the African palm civet (Nandinia) as basal to all other living Feliformia. Among the caniform families, CDC analyses strongly support the previously enigmatic red panda (Ailurus) as a monotypic lineage that is sister to Musteloidea sensu stricto (mustelids plus procyonids), in addition to pinniped monophyly and a sister-group relationship between the walrus and sea lions.
本研究的目的是利用条件数据组合（CDC）方法分析多个数据集，以确定食肉目动物之间更高层次的系统发育关系。我们生成了食肉目11个科的22个代表物种的新核苷酸序列（来自转甲状腺素蛋白基因内含子I的851个碱基对），并与其他线粒体和形态学特征数据一起进行分析和比较。对四个独立数据集（转甲状腺素蛋白内含子I、细胞色素b、部分12S rRNA和形态学）的条件数据组合分析表明，每个数据集得出的系统发育结果总体上是一致的，但有两个例外。第一个例外是，在涉及转甲状腺素蛋白和形态学的比较中存在信号异质性，这提供了一个例子，说明从总证据分析得出的系统发育结论可能与从CDC分析得出的结论不同。第二个例外表明，虽然CDC方法可能会拒绝特定分区同质性的零假设，但在组合分析中纳入该分区，在大多数关联的节点支持方面，可能会总体上增加系统发育信号，而不会改变从组合的同质数据分区得出的拓扑结构。猫型总科之间的系统发育重建支持鬣狗科（Hyaenidae）和獴科（Herpestidae）之间的姐妹群关系，并将非洲棕榈狸（Nandinia）置于所有其他现存猫型亚目动物的基部。在犬型总科中，CDC分析有力地支持了此前神秘的小熊猫（Ailurus）作为一个单型谱系，它是狭义鼬超科（Musteloidea sensu stricto，即鼬科加上浣熊科）的姐妹群，此外还支持鳍足类的单系性以及海象和海狮之间的姐妹群关系。
