Nigg J T, Hinshaw S P
Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824-1117, USA.
J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998 Feb;39(2):145-59.
Although a role for family and parent factors in the development of behavioral problems in childhood is often acknowledged, the roles of specific parental characteristics in relation to specific child actions need further elucidation. We studied parental "Big Five" personality traits and psychiatric diagnoses in relation to their children's antisocial diagnoses and naturalistically observed antisocial behaviors, in boys with and without the diagnosis of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). First, regardless of comorbid antisocial diagnosis, boys with ADHD, more often than comparison boys, had mothers with a major depressive episode and/or marked anxiety symptoms in the past year, and fathers with a childhood history of ADHD. Second, compared to the nondiagnosed group, boys with comorbid ADHD + Oppositional Defiant or Conduct Disorder (ODD/CD) had fathers with lower Agreeableness, higher Neuroticism, and more likelihood of having Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Third, regarding linkages between parental characteristics and child externalizing behaviors, higher rates of child overt antisocial behaviors observed in a naturalistic summer program were associated primarily with maternal characteristics, including higher Neuroticism, lower Conscientiousness, presence of Major Depression, and absence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder. The association of maternal Neuroticism with child aggression was larger in the ADHD than in the comparison group. In contrast, higher rates of observed child covert antisocial behaviors were associated solely with paternal characteristics, including history of substance abuse and higher Openness. Results provide external validation in parent data for a distinction between overt and covert antisocial behaviors and support inclusion of parent personality traits in family studies. The interaction of maternal Neuroticism and child ADHD in predicting child aggression is interpreted in regard to a conceptualization of child by parent "fit."
尽管家庭和父母因素在儿童行为问题发展中的作用常常得到认可，但特定父母特征与特定儿童行为之间的关系仍需进一步阐明。我们研究了父母的“大五”人格特质和精神科诊断与其子女的反社会诊断以及自然观察到的反社会行为之间的关系，研究对象为患有和未患有注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的男孩。首先，无论是否合并反社会诊断，患有ADHD的男孩比对照组男孩更常见的情况是，其母亲在过去一年中有重度抑郁发作和/或明显的焦虑症状，其父亲有儿童期ADHD病史。其次，与未被诊断的组相比，合并ADHD + 对立违抗或品行障碍（ODD/CD）的男孩的父亲随和性较低、神经质较高，且更有可能患有广泛性焦虑障碍。第三，关于父母特征与儿童外化行为之间的联系，在一个自然主义的暑期项目中观察到的儿童公开反社会行为的较高发生率主要与母亲的特征有关，包括较高的神经质、较低的尽责性、存在重度抑郁症以及不存在广泛性焦虑障碍。母亲的神经质与儿童攻击行为之间的关联在ADHD组中比在对照组中更大。相比之下，观察到的儿童隐蔽反社会行为的较高发生率仅与父亲的特征有关，包括药物滥用史和较高的开放性。研究结果为公开和隐蔽反社会行为之间的区分在父母数据中提供了外部验证，并支持在家庭研究中纳入父母人格特质。母亲的神经质与儿童ADHD在预测儿童攻击行为方面的相互作用是根据父母对孩子“匹配度”的概念化来解释的。
