Hutchison V H, Haines H B, Engbretson G
Respir Physiol. 1976 Jul;27(1):115-29. doi: 10.1016/0034-5687(76)90022-0.
Telmatobius culeus has a combination of behavioral, morphological and physiological adaptations which allows an aquatic life in cool (10 degrees C) O2-saturated (at 100 mm Hg) waters at high altitude (3812 m). The skin surgace area is increased by pronounced folds and the cutaneous capillaries penetrate to the outer layers of the skin. The erythrocyte volume (394 mu3) is the smallest reported for amphibians. The P50 (15.6 at ph 7.65 and 10 degrees C) is the lowest, and the erythrocyte count (729 - 103/mm3) the highest for an anuran. The O2 capacity (11.7 vol%), hemoglobin (8.1 g/100 ml), hemoglobin concentration (0.281 pg/mu3) and hematocrit (27.9%) measured at 18 degrees C and 3800 m are all elevated in comparison with most amphibians. The O2 dissociation curve is sigmoid (n = 2), the Bohr factor is small (deltalog P50/deltapH = -0.30) and the buffering capacity (-8.9 m M HCO3 - 1-1) is typical for an aquatic amphibian. The metabolic rate (14.1 mul -g-1-h-u) is the lowest reported for a frog and among amphibians only the giant salamanders (Amphiuma, Necturus and Siren) have lower values. If prevent from surfacing in hypoxic waters, the frogs ventilate the skin by "bobbing" behavior; if allowed to surface, they will ventilate the small lungs and the metabolic rate increases to 23 mul-g-1-h-1.
的的喀喀湖蛙具有行为、形态和生理上的一系列适应性特征，使其能够在高海拔（3812米）的凉爽（10摄氏度）、氧气饱和（100毫米汞柱）的水域中生存。其皮肤表面积因明显的褶皱而增大，皮肤毛细血管深入到皮肤外层。红细胞体积（394立方微米）是两栖动物中报道的最小的。P50（在pH 7.65和10摄氏度时为15.6）是最低的，红细胞计数（729 - 103/立方毫米）是无尾两栖类中最高的。在18摄氏度和3800米处测得的氧容量（11.7体积%）、血红蛋白（8.1克/100毫升）、血红蛋白浓度（0.281皮克/立方微米）和血细胞比容（27.9%）与大多数两栖动物相比均有所升高。氧解离曲线呈S形（n = 2），玻尔因子较小（Δlog P50/ΔpH = -0.30），缓冲能力（-8.9毫摩尔碳酸氢根离子/升）是水生两栖动物的典型特征。代谢率（14.1微升·克-1·小时-1）是青蛙中报道的最低的，在两栖动物中只有大鲵（两栖鲵属、泥螈属和洞螈属）的值更低。如果在缺氧水域中阻止其浮出水面，青蛙会通过“摆动”行为使皮肤进行气体交换；如果允许浮出水面，它们会使小肺进行气体交换，代谢率会增加到23微升·克-1·小时-1。
