Payne L N
Institute for Animal Health, Compton, Newbury, Berks, United Kingdom.
Poult Sci. 1998 Aug;77(8):1204-12. doi: 10.1093/ps/77.8.1204.
Three species of avian retrovirus cause disease in poultry: the avian leukosis/sarcoma virus (ALSV), reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV), and lymphoproliferative disease virus (LPDV) of turkeys. The ALSV can be classified as slowly transforming viruses, which lack a viral oncogene, and acutely transforming viruses, which possess a viral oncogene. Slowly transforming viruses induce late onset leukoses of the B cell lymphoid, erythroid, and myeloid cell lineages, and other tumors, by viral promoter insertion into the genome of a host cell and activation of a cellular protooncogene. The various acutely transforming leukemia and sarcoma viruses induce leukotic or other tumors rapidly and carry one or anther (sometimes two) viral oncogenes, of which some 15 have been identified. The ALSV fall into six envelope subgroups, A through E, and the recently recognized J subgroup, which induces myeloid leukosis. With the exception of Subgroup E viruses, these viruses spread vertically and horizontally as infectious virions, and are termed exogenous viruses. Subgroup E viruses are usually spread genetically as DNA proviruses (often defective) in host germ cell genome, and are termed endogenous viruses. Several other families of endogenous viruses also exist, one of which, endogenous avian retrovirus (EAV), is related to Subgroup J ALV. Exogenous viruses, and sometimes endogenous viruses, can have detrimental effects on commercially important production traits. Exogenous viruses are currently controlled by virus eradication schemes. Reticuloendotheliosis virus, which lacks a viral oncogene, causes chronic B cell and T-cell lymphomas in chickens, and also chronic lymphomas in turkeys and other species of birds. An acutely transforming variant of REV, Strain T, carries a viral oncogene, and induces reticuloendotheliosis within a few days. In chickens and turkeys, REV spreads vertically and horizontally. No commercial control schemes are operated. In turkeys, LPDV infection has occurred in several countries, where it caused a lymphoproliferative disease of uncertain nature.
禽白血病/肉瘤病毒（ALSV）、网状内皮组织增殖症病毒（REV）以及火鸡的淋巴细胞增生性疾病病毒（LPDV）。ALSV可分为缺乏病毒癌基因的慢转化病毒和拥有病毒癌基因的急性转化病毒。慢转化病毒通过病毒启动子插入宿主细胞基因组并激活细胞原癌基因，诱导B细胞淋巴系、红系和髓系细胞系的迟发性白血病以及其他肿瘤。各种急性转化白血病和肉瘤病毒可迅速诱导白血病或其他肿瘤，并携带一个或另一个（有时两个）病毒癌基因，已鉴定出约15种此类癌基因。ALSV分为A至E六个包膜亚群以及最近识别出的J亚群，J亚群可诱导髓性白血病。除E亚群病毒外，这些病毒以感染性病毒粒子的形式垂直和水平传播，被称为外源性病毒。E亚群病毒通常作为DNA前病毒（通常有缺陷）在宿主生殖细胞基因组中进行遗传传播，被称为内源性病毒。还存在其他几个内源性病毒家族，其中之一，内源性禽逆转录病毒（EAV），与J亚群禽白血病病毒相关。外源性病毒，有时还有内源性病毒，可对商业上重要的生产性状产生不利影响。目前通过病毒根除计划来控制外源性病毒。缺乏病毒癌基因的网状内皮组织增殖症病毒可在鸡中引发慢性B细胞和T细胞淋巴瘤，也可在火鸡和其他鸟类中引发慢性淋巴瘤。REV的急性转化变体T株携带病毒癌基因，并在数天内诱导网状内皮组织增殖症。在鸡和火鸡中，REV垂直和水平传播。目前没有实施商业控制计划。在火鸡中，LPDV感染已在几个国家发生，在这些国家引发了性质不明的淋巴细胞增生性疾病。
