Naveh-Benjamin M, Craik F I, Guez J, Dori H
Department of Behavioral Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn. 1998 Sep;24(5):1091-104. doi: 10.1037//0278-7393.24.5.1091.
Despite a tradition in cognitive psychology that views encoding and retrieval processes in human memory as being similar, F. I. M. Craik, R. Govoni, M. Naveh-Benjamin and N. D. Anderson (1996) have recently shown that notable differences exist between the 2 when divided-attention manipulations are used. In this article, the authors further examined this asymmetry by using several manipulations that changed task demands at encoding and retrieval. The authors also used a secondary-task methodology that allowed a microlevel analysis of the secondary-task costs associated with encoding and retrieval. The results illustrated the resiliency of retrieval processes to manipulations involving different task demands. They also indicated different loci of attention demands at encoding and retrieval. The authors contend that whereas encoding processes are controlled, retrieval processes are obligatory but do require attentional resources for their execution.
尽管认知心理学中有这样一种传统观点，即认为人类记忆中的编码和检索过程是相似的，但F. I. M. 克雷克、R. 戈沃尼、M. 纳韦 - 本杰明和N. D. 安德森（1996年）最近表明，当使用分散注意力的操作时，这两者之间存在显著差异。在本文中，作者通过使用几种改变编码和检索任务要求的操作，进一步研究了这种不对称性。作者还采用了一种次要任务方法，该方法允许对与编码和检索相关的次要任务成本进行微观层面的分析。结果表明了检索过程对涉及不同任务要求的操作具有弹性。它们还表明了编码和检索时注意力需求的不同位置。作者认为，虽然编码过程是可控的，但检索过程是强制性的，不过执行检索过程确实需要注意力资源。
