Ivanov P L
Sud Med Ekspert. 1998 Jul-Aug;41(4):30-47.
The paper presents the results of international complex molecular genetic expert identification of skeletal remains of 9 subjects buried near the Koptiaki road in Ekaterinburg region, presumably belonging to the Romanov Royal Family and persons in their attendance. The armory of methods based on analysis of the least permissible amounts of DNA by the polymerase chain reaction and direct fluorescent sequencing of amplified DNA fragments included the latest scientific technologies. In addition, new methods were developed and used, which have no analogs in the world expert practice. The strategy included identification of biological gender of skeletons, of familial group among exhumed individuals, and of ties of relationship of this family with two independent maternal branches of the Romanov genealogical tree using tracing kindred markers based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The study was carried out in two stages: in 1992-1993 at Aldermaston Criminology Center of Home Office of the UK with participation of British specialists and in 1995 at Military Medical Institute of Ministry of Defence of the USA in Washington with participation of American specialists. In 1993 five skeletons were identified as Emperor Nicholas II, Empress Alexandra Fedorovna, and their three daughters with 99.6% certainty. From modern criminological viewpoint, the result could not be considered as sufficiently certain for such an extraordinary case, and therefore in 1995 molecular genetic studies of presumable remains of Nicholas II and his brother Prince Georgiĭ Romanov were carried out again. The results showed absolute positional identity of mtDNA genetic code of these two men due to an extremely rare genetic abnormality (heteroplasmia), and thus the problem of appurtenance of the remains to the Romanov royal family was solved.
本文介绍了对叶卡捷琳堡地区科皮亚基公路附近埋葬的9具遗骸进行国际复杂分子遗传学专家鉴定的结果，这些遗骸据推测属于罗曼诺夫皇室家族及其侍从人员。基于聚合酶链反应分析DNA最低允许量和对扩增DNA片段进行直接荧光测序的一系列方法中包含了最新的科学技术。此外，还开发并使用了世界专家实践中没有类似方法的新方法。该策略包括通过基于线粒体DNA（mtDNA）的追踪亲属标记物来确定骨骼的生物学性别、挖掘出的个体中的家族群体，以及这个家族与罗曼诺夫家谱树的两个独立母系分支的亲属关系。该研究分两个阶段进行：1992 - 1993年在英国内政部阿尔德马斯顿犯罪学中心，有英国专家参与；1995年在美国华盛顿国防部军事医学研究所，有美国专家参与。1993年，五具遗骸被确定为沙皇尼古拉二世、皇后亚历山德拉·费奥多罗夫娜及其三个女儿，确定性为99.6%。从现代犯罪学的角度来看，对于这样一个特殊案件，这个结果不能被认为足够确定，因此在1995年再次对尼古拉二世及其兄弟格奥尔基·罗曼诺夫王子的疑似遗骸进行了分子遗传学研究。结果显示，由于一种极其罕见的基因异常（异质性），这两名男子的mtDNA遗传密码在位置上完全相同，从而解决了这些遗骸是否属于罗曼诺夫皇室家族的问题。
