Hibbard S, Porcerelli J
Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, USA.
J Pers Assess. 1998 Jun;70(3):460-83. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa7003_6.
This article presents psychometric properties of the Cramer Defense Mechanism Manual (Cramer, 1991b) for the Thematic Apperception Test (Murray, 1943). The developmental hierarchy of defenses originally postulated by Cramer was supported in this cross-sectional sample. Gender differences and the validity of distinguishing between "mature" and "immature" levels of defense were also investigated. Findings for gender differences largely replicate those previously reported by Cramer (1987, 1991a). Results also support the view of a developmental hierarchy of defenses and the validity of distinguishing between mature and immature levels of two of the three types of defenses.
本文介绍了用于主题统觉测验（默里，1943年）的克莱默防御机制手册（克莱默，1991年b版）的心理测量特性。在这个横断面样本中，克莱默最初假设的防御发展层次得到了支持。还研究了性别差异以及区分防御“成熟”和“不成熟”水平的有效性。性别差异的研究结果在很大程度上重复了克莱默之前（1987年、1991年a版）报告的结果。研究结果还支持防御发展层次的观点，以及区分三种防御类型中两种防御的成熟和不成熟水平的有效性。
