Elliott J E, Machmer M M, Henny C J, Wilson L K, Norstrom R J
Canadian Wildlife Service, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, 5421 Robertson Rd., RR1 Delta, British Columbia, Canada, V4K 3N2.
Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 1998 Nov;35(4):620-31. doi: 10.1007/s002449900424.
Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) eggs were collected from 1991 to 1997 at nests (n = 121) upstream and downstream of bleached kraft pulp mills and at reference sites in the Fraser and Columbia River drainage systems of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. Blood samples were collected from nestling ospreys during the 1992 breeding season on the Thompson River. Samples were analyzed for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and -dibenzofurans (PCDFs). Mean concentrations of 2,3,7,8-TCDD were significantly higher in eggs collected in 1991 at downstream compared to upstream nests near pulp mills at Kamloops and Castlegar, British Columbia. There were no significant temporal trends in 2,3,7,8-TCDD, -TCDF or other measured compounds at a sample of nests monitored between 1991 and 1994 downstream of the Castlegar pulp mill, despite changes in bleaching technology (CIO2 substitution). However, by 1997 concentrations of 2, 3,7,8-TCDD and -TCDF were significantly lower than previous years in nests sampled downstream at both Castlegar and Kamloops. An unusual pattern of higher chlorinated PCDDs and PCDFs was found in many of the osprey eggs collected in this study, and considerable individual variation in the pattern existed among eggs from the same site. For example, eggs from four different nests at one study area (Quesnel) on the Fraser River had concentrations of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD ranging from <1 to 1,100 ng/kg and OCDD from <1 to 7,000 ng/kg wet weight. Higher mean concentrations of HpCDD and OCDD were found in eggs from the Thompson River, a tributary of the Fraser, compared to the Columbia River, and concentrations were generally higher at nests upstream of pulp mills. In plasma samples, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDD and OCDD were the main compounds detected, with no significant differences measured between samples upstream versus downstream or earlier versus later in the breeding season. Use of chlorophenolic wood preservatives by lumber processors was considered the main source of higher chlorinated PCDD/Fs throughout the systems, based on patterns of trace PCDFs in eggs and significant correlations between egg concentrations of pentachlorophenol and both HpCDD (r = 0.891, p < 0.01) and OCDD (r = 0.870, p < 0.01).
1991年至1997年期间，在不列颠哥伦比亚省、华盛顿州和俄勒冈州弗雷泽河及哥伦比亚河流域系统的漂白纸浆厂上下游的巢穴（n = 121）以及参考地点采集了鹗（鹗属）的卵。1992年繁殖季节，在汤普森河采集了雏鹗的血样。对样本进行了多氯二苯并 - 对二恶英（PCDDs）和多氯二苯并呋喃（PCDFs）分析。与不列颠哥伦比亚省坎卢普斯和卡斯尔加纸浆厂附近上游巢穴相比，1991年在下游采集的卵中2,3,7,8 - TCDD的平均浓度显著更高。尽管漂白技术（二氧化氯替代）有所变化，但在1991年至1994年期间监测的卡斯尔加纸浆厂下游的一部分巢穴中，2,3,7,8 - TCDD、2,3,7,8 - TCDF或其他测量化合物没有显著的时间趋势。然而，到1997年，卡斯尔加和坎卢普斯下游采样巢穴中2,3,7,8 - TCDD和2,3,7,8 - TCDF的浓度显著低于前几年。在本研究采集的许多鹗卵中发现了一种异常的高氯代PCDDs和PCDFs模式，并且来自同一地点的卵之间在该模式上存在相当大的个体差异。例如，弗雷泽河一个研究区域（奎斯内尔）四个不同巢穴的卵中，1,2,3,4,6,7,8 - 七氯代二苯并 - 对二恶英（HpCDD）浓度范围为<1至1100 ng/kg，八氯代二苯并 - 对二恶英（OCDD）浓度范围为<1至7000 ng/kg湿重。与哥伦比亚河相比，在弗雷泽河的支流汤普森河采集的卵中发现了更高的HpCDD和OCDD平均浓度，并且纸浆厂上游巢穴中的浓度通常更高。在血浆样本中，检测到的主要化合物是1,2,3,4,6,7,8 - HpCDD和OCDD，繁殖季节上游与下游样本之间或早期与晚期样本之间没有显著差异。基于卵中痕量PCDFs的模式以及五氯苯酚卵浓度与HpCDD（r = 0.891，p < 0.01）和OCDD（r = 0.870，p < 0.01）之间的显著相关性，木材加工商使用氯酚类木材防腐剂被认为是整个系统中高氯代PCDD/Fs的主要来源。
