Davis S L
Department of Animal Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, USA.
Domest Anim Endocrinol. 1998 Sep;15(5):283-9. doi: 10.1016/s0739-7240(98)00034-4.
Numerous studies have demonstrated that a variety of hormones have receptors and exert biologic actions on tissues of the immune system. Conversely, cytokines exert biologic actions on the endocrine system. This bidirectional interaction is likely involved in maintenance of physiological and immunologic homeostasis. This paper summarizes a variety of actions of growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), glucocorticoids and thyroid hormones (TH) on the immune system. It then proceeds to put these actions into a hypothetical context whereby these hormones may mediate some changes in immune system function in response to environmental stimuli such as physical and emotional stress, nutritional deprivation and environmental temperature. In the first example, it is proposed that PRL secretion in response to stress may serve an immunomodulatory role in two ways. The first is by stimulating the immune system directly and the second is by dampening or reducing the degree to which glucocorticoids are secreted in response to stress. The second example suggests that the increase in GH secretion and reduced IGF-I secretion in response to protein/energy restriction may have two potential immunomodulatory actions. One action is a direct effect of GH on several components of the immune system. The other is the partitioning of nutrient use away from skeletal muscle growth and toward tissues of higher priority such as the immune system. The third example proposes that the increased secretion of TH during cold environmental temperatures not only increases basic metabolic rate, but also directly stimulates both primary and secondary lymphoid tissues. It is suggested, therefore, that these three hormones are involved in maintaining immune system homeostasis in response to environmental change.
众多研究表明，多种激素具有受体，并对免疫系统的组织发挥生物学作用。相反，细胞因子对内分泌系统发挥生物学作用。这种双向相互作用可能参与维持生理和免疫稳态。本文总结了生长激素（GH）、催乳素（PRL）、胰岛素样生长因子-I（IGF-I）、糖皮质激素和甲状腺激素（TH）对免疫系统的多种作用。接着将这些作用置于一个假设的情境中，即这些激素可能介导免疫系统功能的某些变化，以应对诸如身体和情绪压力、营养缺乏及环境温度等环境刺激。在第一个例子中，提出应激反应时催乳素的分泌可能通过两种方式发挥免疫调节作用。第一种是直接刺激免疫系统，第二种是抑制或降低应激反应时糖皮质激素的分泌程度。第二个例子表明，蛋白质/能量限制时生长激素分泌增加而胰岛素样生长因子-I分泌减少可能有两种潜在的免疫调节作用。一种作用是生长激素对免疫系统多个成分的直接影响。另一种是营养利用从骨骼肌生长转向优先级更高的组织，如免疫系统。第三个例子提出，寒冷环境温度下甲状腺激素分泌增加不仅会提高基础代谢率，还会直接刺激初级和次级淋巴组织。因此，有人认为这三种激素参与了应对环境变化时维持免疫系统稳态的过程。
