Reschke M F, Bloomberg J J, Harm D L, Paloski W H, Layne C, McDonald V
Neuroscience Laboratory (SD3), National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
Brain Res Brain Res Rev. 1998 Nov;28(1-2):102-17. doi: 10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00031-9.
This article summarizes a variety of newly published findings obtained by the Neuroscience Laboratory, Johnson Space Center, and attempts to place this work within a historical framework of previous results on posture, locomotion, motion sickness, and perceptual responses that have been observed in conjunction with space flight. In this context, we have taken the view that correct transduction and integration of signals from all sensory systems is essential to maintaining stable vision, postural and locomotor control, and eye-hand coordination as components of spatial orientation. The plasticity of the human central nervous system allows individuals to adapt to altered stimulus conditions encountered in a microgravity environment. However, until some level of adaptation is achieved, astronauts and cosmonauts often experience space motion sickness, disturbances in motion control and eye-hand coordination, unstable vision, and illusory motion of the self, the visual scene, or both. Many of the same types of disturbances encountered in space flight reappear immediately after crew members return to earth. The magnitude of these neurosensory, sensory-motor and perceptual disturbances, and the time needed to recover from them, tend to vary as a function of mission duration and the space travelers prior experience with the stimulus rearrangement of space flight. To adequately chart the development of neurosensory changes associated with space flight, we recommend development of enhanced eye movement systems and body position measurement. We also advocate the use of a human small radius centrifuge as both a research tool and as a means of providing on-orbit countermeasures that will lessen the impact of living for long periods of time with out exposure to altering gravito-inertial forces.
本文总结了约翰逊航天中心神经科学实验室获得的各种新发表的研究结果，并试图将这项工作置于先前关于姿势、运动、晕动病以及与太空飞行相关的感知反应的历史框架内。在此背景下，我们认为，来自所有感觉系统的信号的正确转导和整合对于维持稳定的视觉、姿势和运动控制以及作为空间定向组成部分的眼手协调至关重要。人类中枢神经系统的可塑性使个体能够适应微重力环境中遇到的变化的刺激条件。然而，在达到一定程度的适应之前，宇航员经常会经历太空晕动病、运动控制和眼手协调障碍、视觉不稳定以及自我、视觉场景或两者的虚幻运动。机组人员返回地球后，太空飞行中遇到的许多相同类型的干扰会立即再次出现。这些神经感觉、感觉运动和感知干扰的程度以及从中恢复所需的时间，往往会随着任务持续时间和太空旅行者之前对太空飞行刺激重新排列的经验而变化。为了充分描绘与太空飞行相关的神经感觉变化的发展情况，我们建议开发增强的眼动系统和身体位置测量方法。我们还提倡使用小型人体离心机，既作为一种研究工具，也作为一种提供在轨对策的手段，以减轻长时间生活在无重力惯性力变化环境中的影响。
