Kirollos M M, McDermott S, Bradbrook R A
Urology Department, Torbay Hospital, South Devon Health Care Trust, UK.
Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 1998;9(4):221-7. doi: 10.1007/BF01901608.
Urothelial tumors are common: their diagnosis and long-term management represent a large part of most urologists' workload. The majority of such tumors are 'superficial' and are mostly managed by repeated cystoscopic surveillance and treatment. A smaller but significant group of patients either start with, or subsequently progress to, more invasive disease, thus requiring an alternative and more invasive treatment. Maximizing the benefit/risk ratio of the diagnosis and the various treatment options of bladder tumors requires the availability of a reliable tumor marker. The concept of tumor markers encompasses the utilization of any detectable deviation from normality that is indicative of neoplasia. For bladder cancer, most of these markers are present in urine. In this part of the review we examine, from the clinician's point of view, the literature verdict on older techniques such as cytology and cytometry, as well as the current status of new nucleus-based tests such as P53, telomerase, NMP22 and Ki67.
其诊断和长期管理占据了大多数泌尿科医生工作量的很大一部分。这类肿瘤大多为“浅表性”，主要通过反复的膀胱镜监测和治疗来处理。一小部分但数量可观的患者要么一开始就患有，要么随后进展为更具侵袭性的疾病，因此需要采取替代的、更具侵入性的治疗方法。要使膀胱肿瘤诊断及各种治疗方案的获益/风险比最大化，就需要有可靠的肿瘤标志物。肿瘤标志物的概念包括利用任何可检测到的与正常情况的偏差，这些偏差表明存在肿瘤形成。对于膀胱癌而言，这些标志物大多存在于尿液中。在本综述的这一部分，我们从临床医生的角度审视关于细胞学和细胞计数等较老技术的文献结论，以及诸如P53、端粒酶、NMP22和Ki67等基于细胞核的新检测方法的现状。
