LDL oxidation by activated monocytes: characterization of the oxidized LDL and requirement for transition metal ions.

Monocytes can be activated by incubation with opsonized zymosan (Zop), and under these conditions can oxidize low density lipoprotein (LDL). We have characterized the biochemical changes in the lipoprotein after this oxidation. We found that monocyte-oxidized LDL has increased mobility on agarose gels, increased absorbance at 234 nm, increased content of lysophosphatidylcholine, and fluorescence at 430 nm when excited at 350 nm. All these features were somewhat less pronounced in monocyte-oxidized LDL than in LDL oxidized by 5 micrometer CuSO4. Under appropriate conditions, Zop-stimulated monocytes oxidized LDL to a form recognized by macrophage scavenger receptors. Monocytes stimulated by Zop produced superoxide and also oxidized LDL, whereas monocytes stimulated by phorbol ester produced slightly more superoxide but did not oxidize LDL. We found that the chelators EDTA and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid inhibited LDL oxidation by Zop-stimulated monocytes, implying a requirement for transition metal ions. We found that Zop contained approximately 5 nmol iron per mg, probably as Fe3+. Zop stripped of its iron supported superoxide production by monocytes, but did not support LDL oxidation. Furthermore, Fe2+ appeared in the medium when monocytes were incubated with Zop, but not with iron-stripped Zop. Taken together, these results imply that monocytes stimulated by Zop are able to oxidize LDL only because of contaminating iron in the commercial zymosan preparations. and requirement for transition metal ions.