Mansch R, Bock E
Abteilung Mikrobiologie, Universität Hamburg, Germany.
Biodegradation. 1998;9(1):47-64. doi: 10.1023/a:1008381525192.
An evaluation of field data from historical buildings in Germany showed that chemoorganotrophic bacteria are the most numerous microorganisms in building stones, followed by fungi and nitrifying bacteria. Chemoorganotrophic bacteria and fungi were present in almost every sample. Ammonia and nitrite oxidizers were found in 55 and 62% of the samples, respectively. Within months, natural stone was colonized by chemoorganotrophic microorganisms. The highest cell numbers were usually found near the surface. The colonization of natural stone by nitrifying bacteria took several years. The highest cell numbers were in some cases found underneath the surface. Nitrifying bacteria showed a preference for calcareous material with a medium pore radius between 1 and 10 microns. Cell numbers of nitrifying bacteria did not correlate to the nitrate content of the stone material. We demonstrated that the stone inhabiting microflora can cause significant loss of nitrate by denitrification. Our data strongly suggested that microbial colonization of historical buildings was enhanced by anthropogenic air pollution. Samples taken from stone material with a pore radius < or = 1 micron had significantly higher cell numbers when they were covered with black crusts. A comparison of samples taken between 1990-1995 from buildings throughout Germany showed that in Eastern Germany a significantly stronger colonization with facultatively methylotrophic bacteria and nitrifying bacteria existed. The same was true for natural stone from an urban exposure site when compared to material from a rural exposure site. Data from outdoor exposure and laboratory simulation experiments indicated that the colonization of calcareous stone by nitrifying bacteria was enhanced by chemical weathering.
对德国历史建筑的现场数据评估表明，化学有机营养细菌是建筑石材中数量最多的微生物，其次是真菌和硝化细菌。几乎每个样本中都存在化学有机营养细菌和真菌。氨氧化菌和亚硝酸氧化菌分别在55%和62%的样本中被发现。几个月内，天然石材就被化学有机营养微生物定殖。通常在靠近表面处发现最高的细胞数量。硝化细菌对天然石材的定殖需要数年时间。在某些情况下，最高的细胞数量出现在表面以下。硝化细菌偏好孔隙半径在1至10微米之间的钙质材料。硝化细菌的细胞数量与石材的硝酸盐含量无关。我们证明了栖息在石材上的微生物群落可通过反硝化作用导致硝酸盐大量损失。我们的数据强烈表明，人为空气污染增强了历史建筑的微生物定殖。从孔隙半径≤1微米的石材上采集的样本，当覆盖有黑色硬壳时，细胞数量显著更高。对1990 - 1995年间从德国各地建筑采集的样本进行比较表明，在东德，兼性甲基营养细菌和硝化细菌的定殖明显更强。与来自农村暴露地点的材料相比，城市暴露地点的天然石材也是如此。户外暴露和实验室模拟实验的数据表明，化学风化增强了硝化细菌对钙质石材的定殖。
