Sutherland I, Willner P
Department of Psychology, University of Wales, Swansea, UK.
Addiction. 1998 Aug;93(8):1199-208. doi: 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.93811998.x.
The aim of this study was to describe associations between alcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use in adolescents and demographic factors associated with substance use.
DESIGN, SETTING, SUBJECTS: The study was a classroom survey of the total population of pupils (n = 5383, ages 11-16) in six schools selected from different locations around England.
Respondents were asked confidentially about their use and extent of use of alcohol, cigarettes and illegal drugs.
The prevalence of regular substance use within the sample rose from 30.4% at age 11 to 83.9% at age 16. The prevalence of alcohol use did not differ between girls and boys, but smoking was more prevalent in girls and illegal drug use was more prevalent in boys. Alcohol was used more frequently than any other substance, or combination of substances, and alcohol use almost invariably accompanied the use of other substances: exclusive use of cigarettes or illegal drugs was negligible. In addition, high levels of alcohol intoxication were associated with increased use of both illegal drugs and cigarettes. Overall, around half the drinkers (46.8%) preferred alcopops to other types of alcoholic drink; this figure was greater in girls (56.4%) than in boys (37.1%), but fell sharply with age (62.9% at age 11; 37.7% at age 16), particularly in boys. Preference for spirits increased with age, and was particularly marked in girls (28.4% in girls vs. 18.5% in boys at age 16). Spirits drinkers were more likely to use cigarettes and drugs, and had been more frequently drunk, than either beer/wine or alcopops drinkers; these measures also tended to be higher in alcopop drinkers than in beer/wine drinkers, particularly among 11-13-year-old girls.
The use of both tobacco and illicit drugs appears to be strongly associated with alcohol use, which is more prevalent, and the risk of smoking and illicit drug use is particularly high in adolescents who report high levels of drunkenness. Our results are consistent with a simple threshold model of substance abuse in which alcohol occupies a low threshold position relative to the higher threshold of cigarettes and illegal drugs. Smoking, drug use and drunkenness were lowest in beer/wine drinkers, intermediate in alcopop drinkers, and highest in spirits drinkers.
本研究旨在描述青少年饮酒、吸烟和非法药物使用之间的关联以及与物质使用相关的人口统计学因素。
设计、地点、研究对象：本研究是对从英格兰各地不同地点选取的六所学校的全体学生（n = 5383，年龄11 - 16岁）进行的课堂调查。
向受访者保密询问他们酒精、香烟和非法药物的使用情况及使用程度。
样本中经常使用物质的比例从11岁时的30.4%上升到16岁时的83.9%。饮酒的比例在女孩和男孩之间没有差异，但吸烟在女孩中更普遍，非法药物使用在男孩中更普遍。酒精比其他任何物质或物质组合使用得更频繁，并且饮酒几乎总是伴随着其他物质的使用：单独使用香烟或非法药物的情况可以忽略不计。此外，高程度的酒精中毒与非法药物和香烟使用的增加有关。总体而言，大约一半的饮酒者（46.8%）更喜欢预调酒而不是其他类型的酒精饮料；这一比例在女孩（56.4%）中高于男孩（37.1%），但随着年龄急剧下降（11岁时为62.9%；16岁时为37.7%），在男孩中尤为明显。对烈酒的偏好随着年龄增长而增加，在女孩中尤为显著（16岁时女孩为28.4%，男孩为18.5%）。与饮用啤酒/葡萄酒或预调酒的人相比，饮用烈酒的人更有可能使用香烟和毒品，并且醉酒的频率更高；这些指标在预调酒饮用者中也往往高于啤酒/葡萄酒饮用者，尤其是在11 - 13岁的女孩中。
吸烟和非法药物使用似乎都与饮酒密切相关，饮酒更为普遍，并且在报告醉酒程度高的青少年中吸烟和非法药物使用的风险特别高。我们的结果与一个简单的药物滥用阈值模型一致，在该模型中，相对于香烟和非法药物的较高阈值，酒精占据较低的阈值位置。啤酒/葡萄酒饮用者的吸烟、药物使用和醉酒程度最低，预调酒饮用者居中，烈酒饮用者最高。
