Funke C, Kuhn H J
Universität Göttingen, Zentrum Anatomie des Fachbereichs Medizin, Abteilung Morphologie, Göttingen.
Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 1998;144:1-97.
The ontogeny of the arteries of the pelvic extremity of Tupaia belangeri was investigated by light microscopy on the basis of serial sections of 30 embryos, dating from day 17 to day 42 post-copulation. In Tupaia, the gestational period takes approximately 43 days. Additionally, a 3-D reconstruction of the pelvic region and the right leg of a 22-day embryo was prepared. The arteries of an adult Tupaia were studied on the basis of a corrosion cast. The results were compared with the ontogeny of the arterial system of other mammals. In the 17-day embryo, the anlage of the pelvic extremity is penetrated by a capillary plexus. In the 18-day embryo, the a. ischiadica reaches the pelvic limb bud, representing the primary axial artery. On day 19, its r. perforans tarsi extends from the plantar to the dorsal aspect of the foot plate. The a. ischiadica is the main artery of the leg until the stage of the 22-day embryo. Afterwards, the peripheral arteries supplied by it are taken over by the a. iliaca externa and its extension, the a. femoralis. The a. iliaca externa springs from the a. iliaca communis in the 19-day embryo. From day 21 to day 22, the capillary plexus, which is nourished by the a. femoralis, closely approaches the a. ischiadica, and finally, a connecting branch joins the a. ischiadica. The a. ischiadica is then reduced to the a. glutea caudalis, and the aa. femoralis, poplitea profunda (at the cranial aspect of the m. popliteus), and interossea become the main arteries of the pelvic extremity. The a. poplitea superficialis, lying at the caudal aspect of the m. popliteus, and its continuation in the crural region, the a. peronea, develop until the 25-day embryo. The a. peronea gives rise to an r. perforans which penetrates the membrana interossea towards the dorsum of the foot. As a result of a shift of the origin of the a. iliaca externa in the proximal direction, the length of the a. iliaca communis gradually decreases until, on day 24, the a. iliaca externa springs directly from the lateral wall of the aorta. In the 20-day embryo, the a. iliaca externa gives rise to an a. circumflexa ilium profunda towards the lateral pelvic wall, and in 23-day embryos, to the a. profunda femoris. The main branches of the a. profunda femoris develop until day 24. At the same time, the aa. circumflexa femoris lateralis and nutricia ossis femoris arise from the a. femoralis. The a. saphena, which is already recognizable in the 23-day embryo, gives rise to the a. genus descendens, and as an a. plantaris medialis, to four aa. digitales plantares communes (I-IV) at the planta pedis. The development of the a. tibialis cranialis on day 25 takes place independently and without any topographic relation to the a. saphena, which functionally replaces the a. tibialis cranialis in some other mammals. In the 26-day embryo, the aa. peronea and tibialis cranialis extend to the dorsum of the foot where they continue as the aa. dorsales pedis profunda and superficialis. The fourth main artery of the lower leg, the a. caudalis femoris, which is first observed in the 20-day embryo, reaches the lateral aspect of the foot on day 24. Its r. calcaneus runs to the planta pedis. In 30-day embryos, the aa. digitales plantares propriae have differentiated. The corresponding dorsal arteries and the superficial plantar vascular are develop until day 35, so that all important arteries of the pelvic extremity, which are seen in the corrosion cast of the adult, are recognizable. Among the embryos and the adult Tupaia studied, individual variation is minimal. The developmental stage at which the arteries of the leg acquired a secondary vascular wall was ascertained. Only a vessel with a primary vascular wall can dissolve into a capillary plexus later on (e.g., a. interossea). In contrast, the course of an artery which has acquired a secondary vascular wall is determined, because modifications of the course of a vessel often need a capillary plexus as an intermediate st
基于30个胚胎的连续切片，运用光学显微镜对树鼩（Tupaia belangeri）盆腔肢动脉的个体发生进行了研究，这些胚胎的交配后时间从第17天到第42天不等。在树鼩中，妊娠期约为43天。此外，还对一个22天胚胎的盆腔区域和右腿进行了三维重建。基于铸型标本研究了成年树鼩的动脉。将结果与其他哺乳动物动脉系统的个体发生情况进行了比较。在17天的胚胎中，盆腔肢原基被毛细血管丛穿透。在18天的胚胎中，坐骨动脉到达盆腔肢芽，成为主要的轴动脉。在第19天，其跗穿支从足底延伸至足板的背侧。直到22天胚胎阶段，坐骨动脉一直是腿部的主要动脉。此后，由它供应的外周动脉被髂外动脉及其延续的股动脉接管。髂外动脉在19天的胚胎中从髂总动脉发出。从第21天到第22天，由股动脉滋养的毛细血管丛靠近坐骨动脉，最终，一条连接支与坐骨动脉相连。然后，坐骨动脉退化为尾臀动脉，而股动脉、腘深动脉（在腘肌的头侧）和骨间动脉成为盆腔肢的主要动脉。位于腘肌尾侧的腘浅动脉及其在小腿区域的延续腓动脉，发育至25天胚胎。腓动脉发出一个穿支，穿过骨间膜朝向足背。由于髂外动脉起源向近端移位，髂总动脉的长度逐渐缩短，直到第24天，髂外动脉直接从主动脉侧壁发出。在20天的胚胎中，髂外动脉向外侧盆腔壁发出旋髂深动脉，在23天的胚胎中，发出股深动脉。股深动脉的主要分支发育至第24天。同时，股外侧旋股动脉和股骨滋养动脉从股动脉发出。在23天的胚胎中已可辨认的隐动脉，发出膝降动脉，并作为足底内侧动脉，在足底发出四条足底总趾动脉（I - IV）。胫前动脉在第25天独立发育，与隐动脉没有任何地形学关系，而在其他一些哺乳动物中，隐动脉在功能上替代胫前动脉。在26天的胚胎中，腓动脉和胫前动脉延伸至足背，在那里它们分别延续为足背深动脉和足背浅动脉。小腿的第四主要动脉，即尾侧股动脉，在20天的胚胎中首次观察到，在第24天到达足的外侧。其跟支延伸至足底。在30天的胚胎中，足底固有趾动脉已分化。相应的背侧动脉和足底浅血管发育至第35天，因此在成年铸型标本中所见的盆腔肢所有重要动脉均可辨认。在所研究的胚胎和成年树鼩中，个体差异极小。确定了腿部动脉获得次级血管壁的发育阶段。只有具有初级血管壁的血管后来才能溶解为毛细血管丛（例如骨间动脉）。相反，已获得次级血管壁的动脉的走行是确定的，因为血管走行的改变通常需要毛细血管丛作为中间阶段。
