Scharfetter C
Psychiatrische Universitätsklinik Zürich.
Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. 1998 Oct;66(10):474-82. doi: 10.1055/s-2007-995287.
The concepts and main themes of occultism, parapsychology and esoterics are set in comparison to religion, spirituality, mysticism. The cultural relativity of these concepts is emphasised. Occultism means dealing with phenomena, processes, and/or powers which are not accessible to "normal perception". The manipulation of such powers is effected via (white, black, grey) magic. Parapsychology, in its popular sense, deals with occult phenomena, whereas scientific parapsychology investigates them empirically. Esoterics is a complex of beliefs within a hermetic tradition about occult processes and about desting after death. Transpersonal psychology deals with these issues while calling them "spiritual". Effects of paranormal experiences and actions on the side of the actor as well as the adept are discussed: personality types, interpersonal effects, crises and psychoses (mediumistic psychoses). The concept of dissociation of subpersonalities (subselves) appears to be a viable perspective to explain these phenomena. In mediumistic psychoses, the splitting of non-ego parts of the psyche leads to a manifestation of schizophrenic symptoms. Dangers for mental health are an ego inflation by self-attribution of "superhuman" power. A personality disposition for parapsychological perception and/or action may be seen in schizotypia and similar near-psychotic "personalities up the border". Adepts of occultism may present with a "false self" in the sense of Winnicott.
隐秘学、超心理学和秘传学的概念及主要主题是与宗教、灵性、神秘主义相比较而设定的。强调了这些概念的文化相对性。隐秘学意味着处理那些“正常感知”无法触及的现象、过程和/或力量。对这些力量的操控是通过（白、黑、灰）魔法来实现的。通俗意义上的超心理学涉及隐秘现象，而科学超心理学则对其进行实证研究。秘传学是一种封闭传统中关于隐秘过程和死后命运的信仰复合体。超个人心理学在将这些问题称为“灵性”问题的同时对其进行探讨。讨论了超自然体验和行为对行为者及修行者的影响：人格类型、人际影响、危机和精神病（灵媒精神病）。次人格（子自我）解离的概念似乎是解释这些现象的一个可行视角。在灵媒精神病中，心理的非自我部分的分裂会导致精神分裂症状的显现。对心理健康的危险在于因自我赋予“超人”力量而导致的自我膨胀。在分裂型人格障碍及类似的接近精神病状态的“边缘人格”中可能会看到超心理学感知和/或行为的人格倾向。隐秘学修行者可能会呈现出温尼科特意义上的“虚假自我”。
